>LearnIndology at 05:48, 24 June 2021

2021-06-24T05:48:14Z

New page

{{Short description|Culture of Kashmir Valley}}
[[File:Kashmiri.jpg|thumb|Kashmiri women in Traditional Kashmiri attire]]
The '''culture of Kashmir''' is part of [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] that encompasses the spoken [[Kashmiri language|language]], written [[Literature of Kashmir|literature]], [[Kashmiri cuisine|cuisine]], architecture, traditions, and [[History of Kashmir|history of the Kashmiri people]] native to the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The culture of Kashmir was effected by the Persian as well as Central Asian cultures after the [[Islam in Kashmir|Islamic invasion of Kashmir]]. Kashmiri culture is heavily influenced by [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and later by [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite journal |language=en |jstor=41928559 |last1=Kaw |first1=Mushtaq A. |title=Central Asian Contribution to Kashmir's Tradition of Religio-Cultural Pluralism |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |year=2010 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=237–255 }}</ref>

==Early History==
{{Main article|Kashmir Shaivism|History of Kashmir|Abhinavagupta}}
[[File:Clevelandart 1989.369.jpg|thumb|Schist statue of Shiva Mahadeva, Northern India, Kashmir, 8th century, Cleveland Museum of Art.]]
The Vedic art and culture grew in Kashmir, and some early Vedic hymns were composed in Kashmir.<ref name= UN>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Rigvedasamhita, Rigvedasamhita-Padapatha and Rigvedasamhitabhashya |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/mow/nomination_forms/india_rigveda.pdf}}</ref> The [[Natya Shastra|Bharata Natya Shastra]] is notable as an ancient encyclopedic treatise on the arts one which has influenced dance, music and literary traditions in Indian culture, originated in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kak |first=S. |date=2003 |title=The Wonder That Was Kashmir |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Wonder-That-Was-Kashmir-Kak/49b73fb850f9a0a2eeef76c83161b242cacb4454 |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=www.semanticscholar.org |language=en}}</ref> Patanjali of 2nd century BC compiled his compendium on [[Yoga]] in Kashmir.<ref name= UN/> The [[Panchatantra]] is also said to be originated in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1254 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |language=en}}</ref> At the time when Pali was primary language for Buddhist literature in rest of India, all the Buddhist literature produced in Kashmir was in Sanskrit. Kashmiri women hold high status in society as Bilhana records that Kashmiri women were fluent both in Sanskrit and Pali.{{cn|date=April 2021}} Kosh Shastra, a work on science of sex, second to [[Kamasutra]] was developed in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tikoo |first=Colonel Tej K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuURFTHTU0EC&q=kosh%2520shastra%2520kashmir&pg=PT147 |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-58-9 |language=en}}</ref> Some of the major texts that originated in Kashmir were ''Vigyan Bharaiv Tantra, Yoga Sutras, Sapndi Karkika,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vasugupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQwtCrGERjkC&pg=PR25 |title=The Yoga of Vibration and Divine Pulsation: A Translation of the Spanda Karika with Ksemaraja's Commentary, the Spanda Nirnaya |last2=Singh |first2=Jaideva |date=1992-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1179-7 |language=en}}</ref> Tantra Loka<ref>{{Cite book |last=Toshakhānī |first=Śaśiśekhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ALeLjIPczAC&pg=PA42 |title=Rites and Rituals of Kashmiri Brahmins |date=2010 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-475-2 |language=en}}</ref> Para-Trisika-Vivarana'' and many more.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5jXAAAAMAAJ |title=Prabuddha Bharata: Or Awakened India |date=2007 |publisher=Swami Smaranananda |page=354 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cuisine==
{{Main|Kashmiri cuisine}}
[[File:The Great Kashmiri Salt tea.png|thumb|left|180px|Noon Chai or Salt Tea]]
[[File:Rogan josh02.jpg|thumb|Rogan Josh]]
Rice is the staple food of Kashmiris and has been so since ancient times.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&q=kashmiris+rice+staple&pg=PA243|title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir|last=Bamzai|first=Prithivi Nath Kaul|author-link=Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1994|isbn=9788185880310|pages=243|quote=Rice was, as now, the staple food of Kashmiris in ancient times.}}</ref> Meat, along with rice, is the most popular food item in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&q=kashmiris+meat&pg=PA98|title=Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society|last=Kaw|first=M.K.|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2004|isbn=9788176485371|pages=98|quote=But perhaps the most popular items of the Kashmiri cuisine were meat and rice.}}</ref> Kashmiris consume meat voraciously.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnnGIjiogC&q=kashmiris+meat&pg=PA64|title=Epilogue, Vol 3, issue 9|last=Press|first=Epilogue|publisher=Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir|language=en|quote=Since Kashmiris consume meat voraciously and statistics reveals that on an average 3.5 million sheep and goat are slaughtered annually for our consumption, the skin can be utilised for production.}}</ref> Despite being Brahmins, most [[Kashmiri Pandit|Kashmiri Hindus]] are meat eaters.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJNtAwAAQBAJ&q=kashmiris+are+heavy+eaters&pg=PT8|title=Kashmiri Cooking|last=Dar|first=P Krishna|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2000|isbn=9789351181699|quote=Though Brahmins, Kashmiri Pandits have generally been great meat eaters.}}</ref> Kashmiri beverages include ''Noon Chai or Sheer Chai and Kahwah or Kehew''.

The Kashmir Valley is noted for its bakery tradition. Bakers sell various kinds of breads with golden brown crusts topped with sesame and poppy seeds. ''Tsot'' and ''tsochvor'' are small round breads topped with poppy and sesame seeds, which are crisp and flaky, ''sheermal'', ''baqerkhayn'' (puff pastry), ''lavas'' (unleavened bread) and ''kulcha'' are also popular. ''Girdas'' and ''lavas'' are served with butter. Kashmiri [[Bakarkhani|bakerkhani]] has a special place in Kashmiri cuisine. It is similar to a round naan in appearance, but crisp and layered, and sprinkled with sesame seeds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anantnag.nic.in/culture.htm|title=Culture of Anantnag|website=District Anantnag J&K|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619085207/http://anantnag.nic.in/culture.htm|archive-date=2009-06-19}}</ref> It is typically consumed hot during breakfast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/kashmir-has-special-confectionary_10027147.html|title=Kashmir has special confectionary |date=2008-03-13|publisher=Thaindian.com|access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref>

==Festivals==
{{See also|Kashmiri Hindu festivals}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=360|caption_align=center
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Salomon4.jpg
| image2 = Mausoleum of Shah e Hamadan 01.JPG
| footer = {{font|size=100%|font=Sans-serif|text=(left) 2,200 years old [[Shankaracharya Temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]]; (right) [[Khanqah-e-Moula]] mosque construed around 1395 AD}}
}}

===Kashmiri Hindus===
Primary festivals of Kashmiri Hindus include:
* Herath (Shivaratri)
* Khetchmaavas
* Navreh
* Zyeth Atham
* Tiky Tsoram
* Pann
* Gaad Batt

===Kashmiri Muslims===
Primary festivals of Kashmiri Muslims include:
*[[Eid al-Adha]]
*[[Eid al-Fitr]]
*[[Shab-e-barat]]
*[[Isra and Mi'raj|Shab-e-Mehraj]]
*[[Mawlid|Eid-e-Meelad]]
*[[Nouroz]]
*[[Eid al-Ghadir]]

==Language and literature==
{{Main|Kashmiri literature|Kashmiri language}}
{{See also|Sharda script}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=360|caption_align=center
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Bakhshali manuscript.jpg
| image2 = Stone Slab1 Verinag.jpg
| footer = {{font|size=100%|font=Sans-serif|text=(left)An example of early [[Sharada script]], in the Bakhshali manuscript; (right) Stone Slab in [[Verinag]] in Perso-Arabic script}}}}
'''Kashmiri''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər|i}})<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> or '''Koshur''' ({{IPA-ks|/kəːʃur/}}; {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|كٲشُر}},कॉशुर,𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀}}),<ref name=":0">{{e20|kas|Kashmiri}}</ref> is a language from the [[Dardic languages|Dardic subgroup]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]], spoken by around 7 million [[Kashmiris]], primarily in the Indian territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. There are also speakers in parts of the neighbouring Pakistani territory of [[Azad Kashmir]].

The official languages of Jammu and Kashmir are [[Kashmiri language|Koshur]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] and English. Kashmiri is recognised as a regional language in the state and is also among the 22 [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages]] of India.

Kashmiri has [[split ergativity]] and the unusual [[V2 word order|verb-second word order]].

Although Kashmiri was traditionally written in the [[Sharada script|Sharda]] script,<ref>{{Cite web|title=ScriptSource - Sharada, Śāradā|url=https://www.scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Shrd|access-date=2020-07-14|website=www.scriptsource.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Language: Sharda Script, India |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1767 |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaul Deambi|first=B. K.|title=The Sharada Script : Origin and Development|url=http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107211343/http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html|archive-date=7 January 2010|access-date=18 July 2020|website=Kashmiri Overseas Association}}</ref> it is not in common use today, except for religious ceremonies of the [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaul|first=Omkar Nath|title=On Kashmiri Language|url=http://www.koausa.org/Vitasta/6a.html|access-date=18 July 2020|website=Kashmiri Overseas Association}}</ref>

Today it is written in [[Perso-Arabic]] and [[Devanagari]] scripts (with some modifications).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashmiri Language|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm|access-date=18 July 2020|website=omnigot}}</ref>

The Perso-Arabic script is recognised as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaw|first=M.K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PP1|title=Kashmir and It's [sic] People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society.|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|year=2004|isbn=9788176485371|pages=303–304}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mahapatra|first=B.P|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : India : Book 1 Constitutional Languages.|publisher=Presses Université Laval|year=1989|isbn=9782763771861|pages=270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=B. Kachru|first=Braj|title=An introduction to Spoken Kashmiri|url=http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaul|first=Omkar Nath|title=Spoken Kashmiri A Language Course|url=http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>

Nowadays, the Perso-Arabic script has come to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Devanagari script has come to be associated with the Kashmiri Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872 |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>

==Music==
{{See also|Music of Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh}}
[[File:The Joyful Rhythms of a Kashmiri Wedding.webm|thumb|A short film on Kashmiri wedding, with Kashmiri music]]

===Early History===
The [[Natya Shastra|Bharata Natya Shastra]] is notable as an ancient encyclopedic treatise on the arts one which has influenced dance, music and literary traditions in India, originated in Kashmir.

===Present day===
Kashmiri Music primarily includes:
* Chakri
* Henzae
* [[Wanvun|Rouf or Wanwun]]
* [[Ladishah]]
* Sufiana Kalam (Kashmiri classical)

==References==
{{reflist}}
<big>27.</big> [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/IMG-20210324-WA0007yik.jpg the word koshur written on manuscript in sharada lipi]

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}

[[Category:Culture of Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:Kashmir|Culture]]

Culture of Kashmir - Revision history

>LearnIndology at 05:48, 24 June 2021