WikiDwarfBOT at 02:48, 22 July 2023

2023-07-22T02:48:21Z

New page

{{Short description|Indian politician leader, scholar and writer (1825–1917)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dadabhai Naoroji
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]
| image = Dadabhai_Naoroji 1889.jpg
| caption = Dadabhai Naoroji, {{circa|1889}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament (UK)]]<br />for [[Finsbury Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Finsbury Central]]
| parliament =
| predecessor = [[Frederick Thomas Penton]]
| successor = [[William Frederick Barton Massey-Mainwaring]]
| office1 = 2nd, 9th, and 22nd [[list of presidents of the Indian National Congress|President of Indian National Congress]]
| term_start1 = 1886
| term_end1 = 1887
| predecessor1 = [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]]
| successor1 = [[Badruddin Tyabji]]
| term_start2 = 1893
| term_end2 = 1894
| predecessor2 = [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]]
| successor2 = [[Alfred Webb]]
| term_start3 = 1906
| term_end3 = 1907
| predecessor3 = [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]
| successor3 = [[Rashbihari Ghosh]]
| footnotes =
| signature = Dadabhai Naoraji signature.svg
| signature_alt =
| majority = 5
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| otherparty = Co-founder of [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1825|9|4}}
| birth_place = [[Navsari]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1917|6|30}} (aged 91)
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| citizenship =
| nationality = [[British subject|British Indian subject]]
| spouse = Gulbaai
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Merchant|Scholar|Writer}}
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| website =
| term_start = 1892
| term_end = 1895
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname = Dadabhai Naoroji Dordi
}}
{{liberalism sidebar}}

'''Dadabhai Naoroji''' (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) also known as the '''"Grand Old Man of India"''' and '''"Unofficial Ambassador of India"''', was an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar and writer who served as 2nd, 9th, and 22nd President of the Indian National Congress from 1886 to 1887, 1893 to 1894 and 1906 to 1907. He was a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|British House of Commons]], representing [[Finsbury Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Finsbury Central]] between 1892 and 1895. He was the second person of Asian descent to be a [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British MP]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Visana |first=Vikram |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1343197973 |title=Uncivil liberalism : labour, capital and commercial society in Dadabhai Naoroji's political thought |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-009-21552-7 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |oclc=1343197973}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://sites.google.com/site/jouhsinfo/mukherjee02.pdf |author=Mukherjee, Sumita |title='Narrow-majority' and 'Bow-and-agree': Public Attitudes Towards the Elections of the First Asian MPs in Britain, Dadabhai Naoroji and Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhownaggree, 1885–1906 |journal=[[Journal of the Oxford University History Society]] |issue=2 (Michaelmas 2004)}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Naoroji, Dadabhai |volume=17 |page=167}}</ref> the first being [[Indian people|Indian]] MP [[David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre]], who was disenfranchised for corruption after nine months in office.<ref name="INC_BritishRaj">{{citation|last=Nanda|first=B. R.|author-link=Bal Ram Nanda|title=Gokhale: The Indian Moderates and the British Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pI19BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|series=Legacy Series|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7049-3|page=58|orig-year=1977}}</ref>

His book ''Poverty and Un-British Rule in India''<ref name=EB1911/> brought attention to his theory of the Indian "wealth drain" into Britain. He was also a member of the [[Second International]] along with [[Kautsky]] and [[Georgi Plekhanov|Plekhanov]]. In 2014, Deputy Prime Minister [[Nick Clegg]] inaugurated the Dadabhai Naoroji Awards for services to UK-India relations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dadabhai-naoroji-awards-presented-for-the-first-time|title=Dadabhai Naoroji Awards presented for the first time – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> [[India Post]] depicted Naoroji on stamps in 1963, 1997 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://parsi-times.com/2018/01/india-post-honors-dadabhai-naoroji-stamp/|title=India Post Honors Dadabhai Naoroji With Stamp – Parsi Times|date=6 January 2018|work=Parsi Times|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://philamirror.info/2017/12/29/india-post-issued-stamp-on-dadabhai-naoroji/|title=India Post Issued Stamp on Dadabhai Naoroji|date=29 December 2017|work=Phila-Mirror|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>

==Biography==
Naoroji was born in [[Navsari]] into a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]] family, and educated at the [[Elphinstone Institute School]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Dilip Hiro|first=Dilip|last=Hiro|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Nation Books|isbn=9781568585031|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=Dadabhai+Naoroji%2C+gujarati&pg=PA9|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> His patron was the Maharaja of Baroda, [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], and he started his career life as Dewan (Minister) to the Maharaja in 1874. Being an ''Athornan'' (ordained priest), Naoroji founded the Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha (Guides on the Mazdayasne Path) on 1 August 1851 to restore the [[Zoroastrian]] religion to its original purity and simplicity. In 1854, he also founded a Gujarati fortnightly publication, the ''[[Rast Goftar]]'' (or The Truth Teller), to clarify Zoroastrian concepts and promote Parsi social reforms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharucha |first1=Nilufer E. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on1uZNcdsScC&q=dadabhai+naoroji%2C+gujarati&pg=PA62 |title=Shifting Continents/Colliding Cultures: Diaspora Writing of the Indian Subcontinent |publisher=Rodopi |year=2000 |isbn=978-9042012615 |editor-last=Crane |editor-first=Ralph J. |location=Amsterdam |page=62 |chapter=Imagining the Parsi Diaspora: Narratives on the wings of fire |access-date=13 January 2015 |editor-last2=Mohanram |editor-first2=Radhika}}</ref>

Around this time, he also published another newspaper called ''The Voice of India''. In December 1855, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in [[Elphinstone College]] in Bombay,<ref name="Mistry">Mistry, Sanjay (2007) "Naorojiin, Dadabhai" in [[Dabydeen, David]] et al. eds. ''The Oxford Companion of Black British History''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 336–337; {{ISBN|9780199238941}}</ref> becoming the first Indian to hold such an academic position. He travelled to London in 1855 to become a partner in Cama & Co, opening a [[Liverpool]] location for the first Indian company to be established in [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]]. Within three years, he had resigned on ethical grounds. In 1859, he established his own cotton [[Merchant|trading company]], Dadabhai Naoroji & Co.

[[File:Dadabhai Naoroji statue, near Flora Fountain, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Dadabhai Naoroji statue, near [[Flora Fountain]], [[Mumbai]]]]
In 1861, Naoroji founded [[The Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe]] alongside Muncherjee Hormusji Cama.<ref name="Hinnells2005">{{cite book|first=John R. |last=Hinnells|title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfO4-5yh7VYC|access-date=19 May 2017|date=28 April 2005|publisher=OUP|location= Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-826759-1|page=388}}</ref>

In 1865, Naoroji directed and launched the [[London Indian Society]], the purpose of which was to discuss Indian political, social and literary subjects.<ref>Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the British Indian Association, 14 February 1866, pg. 22.</ref> In 1867, he also helped to establish the [[East India Association]], one of the predecessor organisations of the [[Indian National Congress]] with the aim of putting across the Indian point of view before the British public. The Association was instrumental in counter-acting the [[propaganda]] by the [[Ethnological Society of London]] which, in its session in 1866, had tried to prove the inferiority of the Asians to the Europeans. This Association soon won the support of eminent Englishmen and was able to exercise considerable influence in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]]. The organization soon had branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sequeira|first=Dolly Ellen|title=Total History & Civics 10|publisher=[[Morning Star (publisher)|Morning Star]]|year=2021|editor-last=Raj|editor-first=S. Irudaya|location=Delhi}}</ref>

In 1874, he became Prime Minister of [[Vadodara|Baroda]] and was a member of the [[Legislative Council of Bombay]] (1885–88). He was also a member of the [[Indian National Association]] founded by Sir [[Surendranath Banerjea]] from [[Calcutta]] a few years before the founding of the Indian National Congress in Bombay, with the same objectives and practices. The two groups later merged into the INC, and Naoroji was elected President of the Congress in 1886. Naoroji published ''Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'' in 1901.<ref name="INC_BritishRaj"/>
[[File: Dadabhai Naoroji, 1892.jpg|thumb|Naoroji in 1892.]]
Naoroji moved to Britain once again and continued his political involvement. Elected for the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] in [[Finsbury Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Finsbury Central]] at the [[1892 United Kingdom general election|1892 general election]], he was the first British Indian MP.<ref name="Peters">{{cite news |last=Peters|first=K. J.|title=Indian Patchwork Is Made of Many Colours |work=[[Aberdeen Journal]] |date=29 May 1946 |access-date=2 December 2014 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000578/19460529/019/0002| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]}}{{subscription|date=April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2013 |title=From the archive, 26 July 1892: Britain's first Asian MP elected |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/jul/26/election-naoroji-finsbury-1892 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2 May 2018 }}</ref> He refused to take the oath on the Bible, as he was [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]]. He was allowed to take the oath of office in the name of God on his copy of the ''[[Avesta|Khordeh Avesta]]''. During his time he put his efforts towards improving the situation in India. He had a very clear vision and was an effective communicator. He set forth his views about the situation in India over the course of the history of the governance of the country and the way in which the colonial rulers rule. In Parliament, he spoke on [[Irish Home Rule]] and the condition of the Indian people. He was a notable [[Freemasonry|Freemason]].

In 1906, Naoroji was again elected president of the Indian National Congress. He was a staunch moderate within the Congress, during the phase when opinion in the party was split between the moderates and extremists. Such was the respect commanded by him that assertive nationalists could not oppose his candidature and the rift was avoided for the time being. Naoroji's ''Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'' influenced [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sultan |first=Nazmul S. |date=2022 |title=Moral Empire and the Global Meaning of Gandhi's Anti-imperialism |journal=The Review of Politics |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=545–569 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0034670522000560 |s2cid=252029430 |issn=0034-6705|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Visana |first=Vikram |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1343197973 |title=Uncivil liberalism : labour, capital and commercial society in Dadabhai Naoroji's political thought |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-009-21552-7 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |oclc=1343197973}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
{{Moresources|section|date=August 2022}}
He was married to Gulbai at the age of 11. He died in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] on 30 June 1917, at the age of 91.

The [[Dadabhai Naoroji Road]], a heritage road of Mumbai, is named after him, as are the Dadabhai Naoroji Road in [[Karachi|Karachi, Pakistan]] and Naoroji Street in the [[Finsbury]] area of [[London]]. A prominent residential colony for central government servants in the south of [[Delhi]] is also named Naoroji Nagar. His granddaughters, [[Perin Captain|Perin]] and [[Khurshedben Naoroji|Khurshedben]], were also involved in the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]]. In 1930, Khurshedben was arrested along with other revolutionaries for attempting to hoist the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] in a [[Government College (disambiguation)|Government College]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Millionaire's daughter arrested |work=[[Portsmouth Evening News]] |date=21 August 1930|access-date=2 December 2014 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000290/19300821/079/0004| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]}}{{subscription|date=April 2019}}</ref>

==Drain theory and poverty==
Naoroji's work focused on the drain of wealth from India to Britain during the period rule of [[British Raj|British rule in India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Visana |first=Vikram |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1343197973 |title=Uncivil liberalism : labour, capital and commercial society in Dadabhai Naoroji's political thought |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-009-21552-7 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |oclc=1343197973}}</ref><ref name=g1>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2051282|jstor=2051282|last1=Kozicki|first1=Richard P.|last2=Ganguli|first2=B. N.|title=Reviewed work: Dadabhai Naoroji and the Drain Theory., B. N. Ganguli|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=26|issue=4|pages=728–729|year=1967|s2cid=161370569 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Visana|first=Vikram|title=Vernacular Liberalism, Capitalism, and Anti-Imperialism in the Political Thought of Dadabhai Naoroji|date=September 2016|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/vernacular-liberalism-capitalism-and-antiimperialism-in-the-political-thought-of-dadabhai-naoroji/C5A6732A37A4C7330ECBDA39C9C2B6F9|journal=The Historical Journal|language=en|volume=59|issue=3|pages=775–797|doi=10.1017/S0018246X15000230|s2cid=155747116|issn=0018-246X}}</ref> One of the reasons that the Drain theory is attributed to Naoroji is his decision to estimate the net national profit of India, and by extension, the effect that colonial rule had on the country. Through his work with economics, Naoroji sought to prove that Britain was draining money out of India.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=4357298|author=Raychaudhuri G.S. |title=On Some Estimates of National Income Indian Economy 1858–1947|journal= Economic and Political Weekly |volume=1|issue=16 |year=1966|pages= 673–679}}</ref>

Naoroji described six factors that resulted in the external drain.
#India was [[British Raj|governed by a foreign government]].
#India did not attract [[Economic migrant|immigrants]] who brought labour and capital for economic growth.
#India paid for Britain's [[Indian Civil Service|civil administrations]] in India and her [[British Indian Army|Indian army]].
#India bore the burden of empire building in and out of its borders.
#Opening the country to [[free trade]] allowed for foreigners to take highly paid jobs over those of equally qualified Indians.
#The principal income-earners would spend their money outside of India or leave with the money as they were mostly foreign personnel.<ref name=g2>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/001946466400200201|last=Ganguli|first= B.N. |title=Dadabhai Naoroji and the Mechanism of 'External Drain' |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=85–102 |year=1965 |s2cid=145180903 }}</ref>

His book ''Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'' estimated a 200–300 million pounds drain of India's revenue to Britain that was not recirculated into India.<ref name=Banerjee>Banerjee, Sukanya (2010) ''Becoming Imperial Citizens : Indians in the Late Victorian Empire Durham''. Duke University Press; {{ISBN|978-0-8223-4608-1}}</ref>

When referring to the drain, Naoroji stated that he believed some tribute was necessary as payment for the services that Britain brought to India such as the [[Indian Railways|newly-constructed railways]]. However the money from these services were being drained out of India; for instance the money being earned by the railways did not belong to India, which supported his assessment that India was sending too much to Britain. According to Naoroji, India was paying tribute for something that was not bringing profit to the country directly. Instead of paying off foreign investment, as other countries did, India was paying for services rendered despite the operation of the railway being already profitable for Britain. This type of drain was experienced in different ways as well, for instance, British workers earning wages that were not equal with the work that they have done in India, or trade that undervalued India's goods and overvalued outside goods.<ref name=g1/><ref name=g2/>

British workers in India were encouraged to take on high paying jobs in India, and the British government allowed them to take a portion of their income back to Britain. Furthermore, the [[East India Company]] was purchasing Indian goods with money drained from India to export to Britain, which was a way that the opening up of free trade allowed India to be exploited.<ref name=adi>Doctor, Adi H. (1997) ''Political Thinkers of Modern India''. New Delhi Mittal Publications; {{ISBN|978-8170996613}}</ref>

When elected to Parliament by a narrow margin of five votes, his first speech was devoted to the issue of questioning Britain's role in India. Naoroji explained that Indians would either be British subjects or their slaves, depending on how willing Britain was to give India control over the institutions that Britain presently operated. By giving these institutions to India it would allow India to govern itself and as a result all revenue would stay in India.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/026272809901900201|title=Modernity, Democracy and a Political Negotiation of Death|journal=South Asia Research|volume=19|issue=2|pages=103–119|year=1999|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Partha|s2cid=144967482}}</ref>

Naoroji identified himself as a fellow subject of the Empire and was able to address the economic hardships facing India to a British audience. By presenting himself as an imperial subject he was able to use rhetoric to show the benefit to Britain that an ease of financial burden on India would have. He argued that by allowing the money earned in India to stay in India, tributes would be willingly and easily paid without fear of poverty; he argued that this could be done by giving equal employment opportunities to Indian professionals who were consistently forced to take jobs that they were over-qualified for. Indian labour would be more likely to spend their income within India preventing one aspect of the drain.<ref name=Banerjee/>

Naoroji also found it important to examine Anglo-Indian trade to prevent the premature dissolution of budding industries to unfair valuing of goods and services.<ref name=adi/> By allowing industry to grow and develop in India, tribute could be paid to Britain in the form of taxation and the increase in Indian interest for British goods. Over time, Naoroji became more inflammatory in his comments as he began to lose patience with Britain over the seemingly lack of progress regarding reforms. He rhetorically questioned whether or not the British government would be willing to award French youths all the high ranking posts in the British economy. He also pointed to historical examples of Britain being opposed to the "wealth drain" concept, including the [[Kingdom of England|English]] objection to the wealth drain to the [[Pope|papacy]] during the 1500s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chandra, Bipan|title=Indian Nationalists and the Drain, 1880—1905|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=2|issue=2|pages=103–144|doi=10.1177/001946466400200202|year=1965|s2cid=143869246}}</ref>

Naoroji's work on the drain theory was the main reason behind the creation of the Royal Commission on Indian Expenditure in 1896 in which he was also a member. This commission reviewed financial burdens on India and in some cases came to the conclusion that those burdens were misplaced.<ref>Chishti, M. Anees ed. (2001) ''Committees And Commissions in Pre-Independence India 1836–1947 Volume 2: 1882–1895''. New Delhi Mittal Publications; {{ISBN|9788170998020}}</ref>

==Views and legacy==
Dadabhai Naoroji is regarded as one of the most important Indians during the birth of the [[Indian independence movement|nascent independence movement]]. In his writings, he came to the conclusion that the exertion of foreign rule over India was not favourable for the nation, and that [[independence]] (or at the very least, responsible government) would be the better path for India.

{{quotation|Further development was checked by the frequent invasions of India by, and the subsequent continuous rule of, foreigners of entirely different character and genius, who, not having any sympathy with the indigenous literature – on the contrary, having much fanatical antipathy to the religion of the Hindus – prevented its further growth. Priest-hood, first for power and afterwards from ignorance, completed the mischief, as has happened in all other countries.<ref>"Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London", p. 9</ref>}}

Naoroji is often remembered as the "Grand Old Man of Indian Nationalism."

[[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] wrote to Naoroji in 1894, saying that "The Indians look up to you as children to the father. Such is really the feeling here."<ref>Bakshi, Shiri Ram (1988) ''Gandhi and Indians in South Africa''. p. 37.</ref>

[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] admired him; he said:

{{quotation|If we twenty eight crore of Indians were entitled to send only one member to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]], there is no doubt that we would have elected Dadabhai Naoroji unanimously to grace that post.<ref>Pasricha, Ashu (1998) ''Encyclopedia Eminent Thinkers''. Vol. 11: The Political Thought of Dadabhai Naoroji. Concept Publishing Company. p. 30. {{ISBN|9788180694912}}</ref>}}

Here are the significant extracts taken from his speech delivered before the East India Association on 2 May 1867 regarding what educated Indians expect from their British rulers.

{{quotation|The difficulties thrown in the way of according to the natives such reasonable share and voice in the administration of the country ad they are able to take, are creating some uneasiness and distrust. The universities are sending out hundreds and will soon begin to send out thousands of educated natives. This body naturally increases in influence...}}

"In this Memorandum I desire to submit for the kind and generous consideration of His Lordship the Secretary of State for India, that from the same cause of the deplorable drain [of economic wealth from India to Britain], besides the material exhaustion of India, the moral loss to her is no less sad and lamentable . . . All [the Europeans] effectually do is to eat the substance of India, material and moral, while living there, and when they go, they carry away all they have acquired . . . The thousands [of Indians] that are being sent out by the universities every year find themselves in a most anomalous position. There is no place for them in their motherland . . . What must be the inevitable consequence? . . . despotism and destruction . . . or destroying hand and power. "

A plaque referring to Dadabhai Naoroji is located outside the [[Finsbury Town Hall]] on [[Rosebery Avenue]], London. On 10 August 2022 [[English Heritage]] unveiled a [[blue plaque]] in his honour at the site of his former home,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-05 |title=Dadabhai Naoroji's London and Bombay |url=https://dinyarpatel.com/naoroji/london-bombay/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Dinyar Patel |language=en}}</ref> 72, Anerley Park, Bromley, London where he lived between 1897 - 1904 or 1905.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadabhai Naoroji {{!}} Indian Nationalist and MP {{!}} Blue Plaques |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/dadabhai-naoroji/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=English Heritage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First Indian to win a popular election to the UK Parliament receives Blue Plaque |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/pr-naoroji-blue-plaque/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=English Heritage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-10 |title=Bromley home of UK's first Indian MP fitted with blue plaque |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/aug/10/dadabhai-naoroji-blue-plaque-bromley-home-uk-indian-mp |access-date=2022-08-10 |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Aamna |last=Mohdin|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=Dadabhai Naoroji's London home to get Blue Plaque: A look at the history of this honour |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/dadabhai-naorojis-london-home-to-get-blue-plaque-a-look-at-the-history-of-this-honour-11009181.html |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
* Started the [[Rast Goftar]] Anglo-Gujarati Newspaper in 1854.
* ''The manners and customs of the Parsees'' (Bombay, 1864)
* ''The European and Asiatic races'' (London, 1866)
* ''Admission of educated natives into the Indian Civil Service'' (London, 1868)
* ''The wants and means of India'' (London, 1876)
* ''Condition of India'' (Madras, 1882)
* ''Poverty of India''
: A Paper Read Before the Bombay Branch of the East India Association,'' Bombay, Ranima Union Press, (1876)
* C. L. Parekh, ed., ''Essays, Speeches, Addresses and Writings of the Honourable Dadabhai Naoroji,'' Bombay, Caxton Printing Works (1887). An excerpt, "The Benefits of British Rule", in a modernised text by J. S. Arkenberg, ed., on line at [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1871britishrule.html Paul Halsall, ed., ''Internet Modern History Sourcebook''].
* ''Lord Salisbury's Blackman'' (Lucknow, 1889)
*{{cite book|last=Naoroji |first=Dadabhai |title=The Parsee Religion|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924031767779#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1861|publisher= University of London}}
* {{cite book
|title=Poverty and Un-British Rule in India
|author=Dadabhai Naoroji
|year=1902
|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
|url=https://archive.org/details/povertyandunbri00naorgoog
|quote=poverty and un british rule in india.
}}; Commonwealth Publishers, 1988. {{ISBN|81-900066-2-2}}

==Commemorative postage stamps==
Naoroji has been portrayed on commemorative stamps released by [[India Post]] (by year) -
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image_gap = 75
| header =

| image1 = Dadabhai Naoroji 1963 stamp of India.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 =
| caption1 = 1963

| image2 =Dadabhai Naoroji 1993 stamp of India.jpg
| width2 = 280
| alt2 =
| caption2 = 1993

| image3 =Dadabhai Naoroji 2017 stamp of India.jpg
| width3 = 380
| alt3 =
| caption3 = 2017
}}

==See also==
*[[Electoral firsts in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Vikram Visana, Uncivil Liberalism: Labour, Capital, and Commercial Society in Dadabhai Naoroji's Political Thought, Cambridge University Press (2022).
* Rustom P. Masani, ''Dadabhai Naoroji'' (1939).
* Munni Rawal, ''Dadabhai Naoroji, Prophet of Indian Nationalism, 1855–1900'', New Delhi: Anmol Publications (1989).
* S. R. Bakshi, ''Dadabhai Naoroji: The Grand Old Man'', Anmol Publications (1991). {{ISBN|81-7041-426-1}}
* Verinder Grover, ''Dadabhai Naoroji: A Biography of His Vision and Ideas'', New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publishers (1998). {{ISBN|81-7629-011-4}}
* Debendra Kumar Das, ed., ''Great Indian Economists : Their Creative Vision for Socio-Economic Development''. Vol. I: ''Dadabhai Naoroji (1825–1917): Life Sketch and Contribution to Indian Economy''. New Delhi: Deep and Deep (2004). {{ISBN|81-7629-315-6}}
* P. D. Hajela, ''Economic Thoughts of Dadabhai Naoroji'', New Delhi: Deep & Deep (2001). {{ISBN|81-7629-337-7}}
* Pash Nandhra, entry ''Dadabhai Naoroji'' in Brack et al. (eds).''Dictionary of Liberal History''; Politico's, 1998
* [[Zerbanoo Gifford]], ''Dadabhai Naoroji: Britain's First Asian MP''; Mantra Books, 1992
* Codell, J. "Decentering & Doubling Imperial Discourse in the British Press: D. Naoroji & M. M. Bhownaggree", ''Media History'' 15 (Fall 2009), 371–84.
* Metcalf and Metcalf, ''Concise History of India''
* Vikram Visana, "Vernacular Liberalism, Capitalism, and Anti-Imperialism in the Political Thought of Dadabhai Naoroji", ''The Historical Journal'' 59, 3 (2016), 775–797.
{{Refend}}

==External links==

* {{Rayment-hc|external links=y|date=March 2012}}
* [http://www.vohuman.org/Article/Dr.%20Dadabhai%20Naoroji.htm "Dr Dadabhai Naoroji, 'The Grand Old Man of India{{'"}}], Vohuman.org – Presents a complete chronology of Naoroji's life.
* {{NPG name}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Dadabhai Naoroji}}
* {{Librivox author |id=8942}}
* B. Shantanu, [http://www.ivarta.com/columns/OL_060206.htm#_edn5 "Drain of Wealth during British Raj"], ''iVarta.com,'' 6 February 2006.
* {{hansard-contribs | mr-dadabhai-naoroji | Dadabhai Naoroji }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Frederick Thomas Penton]] }}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[Finsbury Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Finsbury Central]] |years=[[1892 United Kingdom general election|1892]]–[[1895 United Kingdom general election|1895]] }}
{{s-aft |after=[[William Frederick Barton Massey-Mainwaring|William Frederick Barton<br />Massey-Mainwaring]] }}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef |rows=2 |before=[[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]] }}
{{s-ttl |title=[[President of the Indian National Congress]] |years=1886 }}
{{s-aft |after=[[Badruddin Tyabji]] }}
{{s-ttl |title=[[President of the Indian National Congress]] |years=1893 }}
{{s-aft |after=[[Alfred Webb]] }}
{{s-bef |before=[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] }}
{{s-ttl |title=[[President of the Indian National Congress]] |years=1906 }}
{{s-aft |after=[[Rash Behari Ghosh]] }}
{{S-end}}

{{India House}}
{{Indian National Congress}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naoroji, Dadabhai}}
[[Category:India House]]
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Academics of University College London]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Parsi descent]]
[[Category:British Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Elphinstone College alumni]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Parsi descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1892–1895]]
[[Category:Zoroastrian studies scholars]]

Dadabhai Naoroji - Revision history

WikiDwarfBOT at 02:48, 22 July 2023