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{{Infobox treaty
| name = Dano-Mughal Treaty
| long_name = Peace treaty between the Danish East India Company and the Mughal Empire
| image =
| image_width =
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| caption =
| context = The Mughal Empire and Denmark–Norway end the [[Dano-Mughal War]]
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 1698
| location_signed = [[Bengal]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiry =
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| mediators =
| negotiators = {{noflag}} Mohammed Ajumad<br/>{{flagicon|Denmark–Norway}} [[Thomas Schmertz]]<br>{{flagicon|Denmark–Norway}} [[Andreas Andræ]]
| original_signatories =
| signatories =
| parties = {{noflag|[[Mughal Empire]]}}<br> {{flagcountry|Denmark–Norway}}
| ratifiers =
| depositor =
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| wikisource1 =
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}}{{Short description|Treaty between the Mughal Empire and Denmark-Norway}}
The '''Dano-Mughal Treaty''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]: ''Freden med Bengalen'') was a [[peace treaty]] between the [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Denmark–Norway]] ending the 56-year-long [[Dano-Mughal War]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |pages=459}}</ref>

== Treaty history ==
{{Further|Dano-Mughal War#Late phase (1669-1698)|label1=Late phase (1669-1698)}}
During the closing years of the [[17th century]], [[Denmark]] wished to reestablish its commercial presence in [[Bengal]], and they again tried to negotiate a peace.<ref name=":02" /> Despite previous decades of aggression against the Danes, the Mughals received the Danes well in 1698.<ref name=":02" /> [[Andreas Andræ]], together with [[Thomas Schmertz]], was sent to Bengal with ships, Indian servants, money, [[Product (business)|wares]], and Danish settlers and traders.<ref name=":02" /> They were able to conclude peace with the Bengali governor Mohammed Ajumadi.<ref name=":02" />

== Stipulations ==
According to the treaty, there were three stipulations:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sejerø |first=Olav |title=Mønter og skibe fra kaperkrigen |url=https://www.danskmoent.dk/artikler/oskaper.htm |website=danskmoent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Feldbæk |first=Ole |title=Kolonierne i Asien og Afrika |publisher=Politikens forlag |year=1980}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Olsen |first=Gunnar |title=Dansk Ostindien, 1616-1732 |publisher=Fremad |year=1966 |volume=II}}</ref>

* The [[Danish East India Company|Danish East India company]] abandoned all old claims.
* [[Bengal]] waived compensation for the more than 30 ships taken.
* The Danish East India company was to have all the trading rights it previously possessed, and also the right to establish a lodge at the [[Hooghly River|Hoogly river]]

Additionally, the Danes gifted the [[prince]] 15.000 [[Rupee|rupees]] and four [[Cannon|cannons]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Coolhaas |first=Ed |title=Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden van Heren XVII Der Verenigde Oostinische Compagnie |year=1960 |volume=I |location= |pages=185–205 |language=dutch}}</ref> Furthermore, the lease to a piece of land at the [[Gondalpara]], [[Hooghly River|Hoogly river]] (near [[French India|French Chandernagore]]) was to be paid for 30.000 rupees over ten years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De Dansk-Ostindiske Koloniers Historie |volume=II |pages=25}}</ref> This would later become known as [[Dannemarksnagore]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serampore var en glemt dansk koloni mens den var koloni |url=https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/serampore-var-en-glemt-dansk-koloni-mens-den-var-koloni/ |website=Videnskab.dk|date=14 June 2023 }}</ref> where the Danes established a factory which became their basis of trading presence in Bengal.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=Da Fattiromany blev taget: En dansk Kup i Bengalen 1714 |publisher=Vikingen |year=1940 |pages=31 |language=Danish}}</ref> This would end more than 50 years of war between the two nations and reestablish Danish presence in Bengal.<ref name=":0" />

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header = [[Christian IV]]
| width = 200
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| background colour = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
| image1 = Karel van Mander III (1606-70) - Christian IV, King of Denmark (1577-1648) - RCIN 402924 - Royal Collection.jpg
| caption1 = King Christian IV of Denmark, “''Head and Lord of the whole Company''”
}}
== Outcome and conclusion ==
{{See also|Military Revolution}}The [[Danish East India Company|Danish East India Company's]] war against the Mughal Empire is a part of the European exertion of dominance over large parts of the world, and central to early modern world historiography.<ref name=":02" /> The explanation to this European exertion mainly lay in the [[Military Revolution|military revolution]] paradigm, which states that Europeans held a crucial advantage in military technology over Asians, during the [[16th century|16th]], and [[17th century|17th centuries]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=See |title=Western Arms in Maritime Asia in the Early Phases of Expansion |pages=13-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Geoffrey |title=The Military Revolution: Military innovation and the rise of the West,1500-1800 |publisher=Cambridge University |year=1988 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> This supports the explanation to why Indian merchants had difficulties for resisting against Danish attacks.<ref name=":02" />

New research shows that if (or when) [[Eurasia|Eurasian]] governments choose to adopt a commercial oriented naval force, they could quickly incorporate the needed military technologies and strategies for defeating [[Western Europe|Western Europeans]] in naval combat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |title=The Western Encounter with Islam |year=2004 |pages=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |title=Did Zheng Chenggong Need a Drunk German’s Help to Capture the Dutch Colony of Taiwan? |publisher=Revista de Cultura |year=2008 |pages=56-76}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

The [[Dano-Mughal War]] well illustrates the differences between the governmental relationships to maritime commerce and violence.<ref name=":02" /> By all measures Denmark was small and poor compared to the Mughal Empire.<ref name=":02" /> Yet the Danish monarchy, under [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]], was willing to exercise state power and protect seaborne commerce. Christian offered unconditional support to his East Indian company, never wanting to reliquidate it, despite serious losses.<ref name=":02" /> The Mughals in contrary, were not among the Asian powers that choose to adopt a strategy of using naval force for commercial gains and had a less direct relation and support for their merchants as that of the Danes.<ref name=":02" />

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Danish East India Company}}
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}
* {{Annotated link|Danish India}}
* {{Annotated link|Dannemarksnagore}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Treaties of Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th century in Danish India]]

Dano-Mughal Treaty - Revision history

Flash255 at 11:09, 29 March 2026