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{{Short description|Danish colonial conflict against the Mughal Empire}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Dano-Mughal War
| place = {{hlist|[[Bay of Bengal]]|[[Indian Subcontinent|India]]|}}
| image = Dano-Mughal War.png
| image_size = 300
| date = 1642–1698
| caption = Campaign map of the Dano-Mughal War
| result = Stalemate (See [[#Peace|peace]])
| territory = [[Danish India]] acquires trading rights in [[Dannemarksnagore]]
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}
* {{flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Denmark–Norway]]
** {{flag|Danish India}}
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mughal Empire]]
** {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
* {{flag|Dutch East India Company}}
{{tree list/end}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Christian IV]]{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Christian V]] {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Wolf Henrik von Kalnein|Von Kalnein]] {{flagicon|Danish India}} Poul Nielsen{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Willem Leyel]]{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Bernt Pessart]] {{flagicon|Danish India}} Claus Rytter{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon|Danish India}} Carsten Ludvigsen{{Natural Causes}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Shah Jahan]]{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Aurangzeb]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} Mirza Mumin{{Natural Causes}} {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} Mohammed Ajumadi {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} Malik Kasim {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} Abdul Gany{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} Merse Meliquebek
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Dano-Mughal War}} {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 30 ships<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |date=1997 |title=Mughal-Danish Relations During the 17th and Early 18th Century Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143918 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=58 |pages=285–294 |jstor=44143918 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
| casualties1 = 30 ships<ref name="olsen">{{Cite book |last=Olsen |title=Dansk Ostindien |pages=184 |language=Danish |trans-title=Danish East India}}</ref>
| strength1 = 5 ships (1647–1648)<ref name="olsen" />
}}

The '''Dano-Mughal War''', formally the '''Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire''', was a [[Colonial war|colonial]] and [[Naval warfare|maritime]] conflict between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Danish East India Company]] over trade commerce in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Lasting from 1642 to 1698, the conflict has also been referred to by historians as the '''Dano-Bengali Thirty Years' War'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rasmussen |first=Jens |title=To verdenshistorier |publisher=Politikens Forlag |year=1982 |location=Copenhagen and Oslo |pages=65 |language=Danish |trans-title=Two world histories }}</ref><ref name="Clausen 1983 109">{{Cite book |last=Clausen |first=Sven |editor-last=Jensen |editor-first= P. Hoxcer |chapter=Den dansk-bengalske trediveårskrig |title=Dansk kolonihistorie. Indføring og studier |year=1983 |location=Aarhus |publisher=Historia |pages=109 |language=da |trans-title=The Dano-Bengali Thirty Years War |isbn=87-88052-04-4}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Western imperialism in Asia#Early European exploration of Asia| Mercantilism|Christian IV of Denmark#Exploration and colonies}}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| header = Monarchs
| image1 = Kristian IV av Danmark, malning av Pieter Isaacsz 1611-1616.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Christian IV]], [[King of Denmark]] and [[List of Norwegian monarchs|Norway]] and [[Style of the Danish sovereign|more...]] ({{abbr|r.|reign}}1588–1648)
| image2 = Shah Jahan I of India.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Shah Jahan I, [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Emperor of the Mughals]] ({{abbr|r.|reign}}1628–1658)
}}
At the start of the 17th century [[European colonialism]] started to expand. [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]], an ambitious king who wanted to show off [[Denmark–Norway]] on the international stage, sought to increase Denmark-Norway's [[sphere of influence]] and its financial and [[Autarky|economic independence]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nair |first=P. C. |date=June 1974 |title=Sociétés et Compagnies de Commerce en Orient et dans l'Ocean Indien. By Michel Mollat editor. (Actes du Huitième Colloque International d'Histoire Maritime, Beirut, 1966). Paris: S. E. V. P. E. N., 1970. Pp. 731, 8 plates. 62 Francs.

|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700080281 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=514–515 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700080281 |s2cid=154693349 |issn=0022-0507|url-access=subscription }}</ref> so he founded the first [[Danish East India Company]] in 1616. Nevertheless, he stimulated the establishment of trading companies for Greenland, [[Danish trade monopoly in Iceland|Iceland]], and the West and East Indies. The company was initially weak. It had had a rough [[Ove Gjedde#Career|First expedition]] and wanted to expand its [[Mercantilism]].

== Declaration of war ==
{{See also|Loss of the St. Jacob|Skirmish at Pipli|Expulsion of Danes from Balasore}}
In 1642 the Danish East India Company declared war on the [[Mughal Empire]]. This may sound unreasonable, by comparing the two nations. The Mughals were a vast Asiatic Empire, while [[Denmark–Norway]] was a declining power. For instance, the Mughal Empire's army was perhaps fifty times larger than Denmark's entire population.<ref>{{Citation |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1982-04-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521226929.011 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of India |pages=172–193 |access-date=2023-11-11 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521226929.011 |isbn=978-1-139-05451-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johansen |first=Hans Chr. |date=January 1972 |title=Some aspects of Danish rural population structure in 1787 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.1972.10407711 |journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |doi=10.1080/03585522.1972.10407711 |issn=0358-5522}}</ref>

The reason why the [[Danish East India Company]] declared war on the [[Mughal Empire]] lay in the nature of European [[Maritime trade]]. Violence was used to ensure the safe transport of [[goods]] and was key to the success of [[commercial enterprise]] in [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Lance E. |date=September 1980 |title=Profits from Power: Readings in Protection Rent and Violence-Controlling Enterprises. By Frederic C. Lane. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1979. Pp. 128. $24.95 cloth, $7.95 paper. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700085892 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=675–676 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700085892 |s2cid=154335771 |issn=0022-0507|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Another mean, [[mercantilism]], the dominant [[economic theory]] in sixteenth and seventeenth-century Europe was also contributing to the competition and conflict in the area. It associated states' strength with their economic dominance. It also emphasized commercial competition. Such competition was used by various European [[Charter companies]] like the [[Danish East India Company]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 1640, On a voyage from [[Makassar]] to [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]], the [[Loss of the St. Jacob|''St. Jacob'' was seized]] and wrecked by Bengali local authorities, the [[Danes]] could not negotiate the release of the cargo.<ref name="Larsen 2012 1990–1991">{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Øivind |date=2012 |title=Historie, helse og makt i Dansk Vestindia |journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening |volume=132 |issue=17 |pages=1990–1991 |doi=10.4045/tidsskr.12.0778 |issn=0029-2001|doi-access=free }}</ref> Dutch records claim that the ''St. Jacob's cargo'' was seized because of Danish debts, but the Danes viewed the seizure as a tyrannous act and in 1642 made a formal [[declaration of war]].<ref name="Coolhaas1970p417">{{Cite journal |last=Coolhaas |first=W. P. |date=August 1970 |title=Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie. Vol. III: 1655–1674. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2593871 |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=417 |doi=10.2307/2593871 |issn=0013-0117 |jstor=2593871|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:European settlements in India 1501-1739.png|thumb|Danish and other European settlements in [[Sri Lanka]] and India.]]

== War phase (1643–1650) ==

=== War at sea ===
{{See also|Capture of St. Michael}}
Shortly after declaring war, [[Denmark–Norway]] swiftly dispatched two of [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]]'s finest vessels towards [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], where they successfully captured a ship that they later renamed ''Den Bengalske Prise''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title="Danske Kapertoger i den bengalske Havbugt, 1642–1648," |publisher=Olsen, Dansk Ostindien |year=1907 |pages=435–436 |language=Danish}}</ref>

For the Dano-Norwegians, the war served as a means to finance their company, a vital source of [[revenue]] during the period from 1639 to 1668, when the company faced [[Danish East India Company#First company|dissolution]] and [[Danish East India Company#Second company, and the Asiatic Company|resurrection]], with no [[reinforcements]] arriving from Denmark to assist in Asia.<ref>{{Citation |title=1830, 1831 |date=2010-09-16 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511711473.003 |work=Twenty-Nine Years in the West Indies and Central Africa |pages=30–49 |access-date=2023-12-26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511711473.003 |isbn=9781108016698 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Danes exhibited a clear inclination towards financial gain, with their primary focus lying on maximizing profits rather than directly attacking the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. They particularly targeted ships returning from Southeast Asia due to their immensely valuable cargoes.<ref name="Hauge 3–13">{{Cite journal |last=Hauge |first=Peter |date=2002-06-01 |title=Et brev fra diplomaten Stephen Lesieur til Chr. IV's lutenist John Dowland |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mag.v15i2.66844 |journal=Magasin Fra Det Kongelige Bibliotek |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=3–13 |doi=10.7146/mag.v15i2.66844 |issn=1904-4348}}</ref>

Danish seizures of Bengali ships became alarmingly frequent for the Mughals, and a letter from [[Willem Leyel]] states " they were doing their best to cause the [[Bengalis]] as much harm as possible,"<ref>{{Citation |last=Lo Russo |first=Rosaria |title=Mettere in voce il verso. La pratica del reading di poesia fra letteratura e vocalità |date=2020 |work=L'arte orale |pages=71–90 |publisher=Accademia University Press|doi=10.4000/books.aaccademia.8090 |isbn=9791280136176 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The repercussions of these seizures took a severe toll on the businesses and professional lives of Bengali individual merchants, instilling a deep fear that discouraged them from venturing to sea, fearful of potential capture by the Danes.<ref name="Goor1972">{{Cite journal |last=Goor |first=J. van |date=1972-01-01 |title=W.Ph. Coolhaas, Generale missiven der V.O.C., I, 1610–1628, II, 1639–1655,III, 1655–1674, IV, 1675–1684 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.1712 |journal=BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=108–110 |doi=10.18352/bmgn-lchr.1712 |issn=2211-2898|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Resistance movement|Resistance]] against the Danish sailors was scarce. According to Danish colonial historian Gunnar Olsen, the Bengalis exhibited a sense of resignation, as described in his writings. "the Bengalis seem to have given up in advance on any form of resistance against the [[Royal Danish Navy|Danish ships]]."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 1954 |title=Vore Gamle Tropekolonier. Edited by ''Johannes Bröndsted''. Volume I, Dansk Ostindien og Dansk Guinea. By ''Gunnar Olsen, Kamma Struwe, Aage Rasch'', and ''Georg Nörregaard''. Volume II, Dansk Vestindien. By ''Jens Bro-Jörgensen, Jens Vibœk, Fridlev Skrubbeltrang'', and ''Georg Nörregaard''. (Copenhagen: Westermann. 1952, 1953. Pp. 665; 577. Kr. 550.) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/59.3.607 |journal=The American Historical Review |doi=10.1086/ahr/59.3.607 |issn=1937-5239|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Although resistance was rare, it was not entirely absent. In a notable incident off the Gingeli coast in 1644, the [[yacht]] ''Walby'' intercepted two sizable Bengali ships carrying elephants, resulting in a skirmish where some of the elephants tragically perished,<ref name="Hauge 3–13"/> documenting the use of violent resistance by Bengalis. The overall lack of efficacy in resisting the Danish forces can be attributed to the stark contrast in [[naval warfare]] capabilities between the [[Europeans]] and the [[Mughals]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=P. J. |date=February 1980 |title=Western Arms in Maritime Asia in the Early Phases of Expansion |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00012142 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=13–28 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00012142 |s2cid=143911505 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Land skirmishes ===
{{Main|Danish rescue mission to Pipli|Skirmish at Pipli}}

Recorded land [[confrontation]]s were rare, with only two notable instances.

The initial occurrence took place in the early 1640s, prior to the official declaration of war. The Danes, stationed at [[Pipli]] under the leadership of Poul Nielsen, encountered significant financial troubles. A [[Persians|Persian]] merchant, who owed a substantial amount to the Danes, adamantly refused to settle his [[debt]]s. In response, the Danes resorted to [[Imprisonment|imprisoning]] him within his own residence. However, when this approach proved ineffective, they proceeded to seize one of his slaves and impound a portion of his goods at the Danish [[trading post]]. The [[Mughals]], considering this a violation of their [[sovereignty]], promptly dispatched a force of 300 men to seize and set ablaze the Danish trading station. All the confiscated [[goods]] were taken and the Danish factors were imprisoned, although Nielsen and several others managed to escape to [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goebel |first=Erik |date=November 2011 |title=The trials and travels of Willem Leyel: an account of the Danish East India Company in Tranquebar, 1639–48 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2011.622877 |journal=Journal for Maritime Research |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=164–165 |doi=10.1080/21533369.2011.622877 |s2cid=161425363 |issn=2153-3369|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Fort Dansborg in Tharangambadi, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|[[Fort Dansborg]] at [[Tranquebar]], the first and main Danish Indian outpost]]

The second encounter occurred during the mid-1640s, following the formal [[declaration of war]]. A Danish vessel, carrying a crew of six, was [[Shipwreck|wrecked]] along the [[Bay of Bengal|Bengali coast]]. The surviving crew members were subsequently detained by the Bengalis, prompting the initiation of a Danish [[rescue operation]]. Led by Nielsen, a group of 16 men set out towards the Mughal governor's residence in [[Pipli]], where the captured crew was rumored to be held captive. They confronted the guards, causing the governor to hastily flee. However, their search yielded no sign of the [[castaway]]s. Nielsen then proposed investigating the [[town hall]], which was vigilantly guarded by soldiers who had already been informed of the ongoing mission. Despite the guards' alertness, the [[Danes]] managed to overpower several of them, forcing the others to flee. Subsequently, they gained access to the town hall, where they discovered the castaways confined in formidable iron chains. Remarkably, the Danish rescue mission achieved its objective with minimal [[Casualty (person)|casualties]] and zero fatalities.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Danish manifesto ==
A Portuguese-written [[manifesto]] was [[craft]]ed to justify the Danish stance. Bearing the date August 24, 1644, this concise [[document]] spans five pages and serves to outline the grievances the Danes sought to address. Commencing with the Danish loss of ''Jupiter'', a [[Watercraft|vessel]] carrying valuable cargo, as well as the subsequent imprisonment of its crew in [[1625]]. Additionally, it recounts the distressing incident involving the [[Kidnapping|abduction]] of a young Danish boy, who was forcefully [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]] and disappeared without a trace. The documents blame the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor for both instances. Then it explains how the Danes stopped trading in Bengal because of these "robberies, offenses and [[Tyrant|tyrannies]]."
[[File:Danish India 1622-1636.png|thumb|300x300px|Danish India during the regime of [[Roland Crappé]]]]
It also describes several other instances of Mughal aggression like the Mughal governor's obstruction of commerce, the assault on Danish factors at [[Pipli]], and the poisoning of shipwrecked Danish servants. Some of these instances are rejected by scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dewhurst |first=R. P. |date=October 1924 |title=Recent books on India – 8.—From Akbar to Aurangzeb. A Study in Indian Economic History. By W. H. Moreland, C.S.I., C.I.E. 9 × 5¾, xiii + 346 pp., 2 maps. London: Macmillan & Co., 1923. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0035869X00065710/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=684–686 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00065710 |s2cid=163256348 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Efn| Numerous scholars{{Who|date=July 2024}} have doubted the likelihood that the locals would have deliberately
poisoned the Danes.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} }}

The manifesto, in its essence, appears as trying to portray their enemy's lack of [[morality]] and [[shame]], while simultaneously underscoring the Danish continued [[Volition (psychology)|willingness]] to [[Negotiation|negotiate]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Failed negotiations ==
Because of the lack of [[naval power]], the Mughals sought to put an end to the war by instead negotiating and making compromises with the Danes. First in 1645, where they offered 80,000 [[rupee]]s in compensation for peace. Yet Danish governor, Willem Leyel, rejected the offer, hoping to instead receive 436,500 [[Rixdollars (Danish)|rix-dollars]]. Leyel instead intensified the fighting.

The Mughals again tried to compromise with Denmark in 1647 or early 1648 but did not result in any significant [[peace]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olsen |title=Dansk Ostindien |pages=139–141}}</ref>

In 1647, the Danish instructions stated that for peace to be established with the Bengalis, three conditions had to be met.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

# A substantial cash [[payment]] was required
# The Danes were to be granted equal trading privileges as the [[Dutch people|Dutch]]
# Arrangements were to be made for the forgiveness of all debts that [[Bernt Pessart|Pessart]] had incurred in [[Masulipatnam]]
Having themselves failed to negotiate with the Danes, the Mughals instead tried to pressure other [[European colonial powers]] to intervene. After a Danish seizure of two large Bengali ships, the Mughals were enraged<ref name="Goor1972" /> Yet they could not revenge the Danes because the [[Danish East India Company]] no longer had any territory inside of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Feldbæk |title=No Ship for Tranquebar for Twenty-nine Years |pages=35}}</ref> Therefore [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], Mughal Prince, made an ultimatum for the [[Dutch East India Company]] to either stop Danish aggression or leave [[Bengal]], However, after discussions, he was persuaded against pursuing the ultimatum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004286641 |title=Jan Company in Coromandel 1605–1690 |year=2014 |orig-year=First published 1962 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004286641 |isbn=978-90-04-28664-1}}</ref>

In 1649, [[Local government|local authorities]] attempted a similar action by refusing favorable trading terms from the VOC, if the Dutch could not assure the protection of their merchants against the Danes. The Dutch, deeming this proposition as ridiculous, rejected it.<ref name="Goor1972" /> VOC eventually accepted the protections of merchants with [[Muslims|Muslim]] backgrounds, against Danish aggression.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ibid III |pages=864}}</ref>

The [[loyalty]] of certain Danish Company servants added complexity to the [[Peace treaty|peace negotiations]]. [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]] had a strong bond with the Danish East India Company, so much so that he became the "''Head and Lord of the whole Company''" in 1629.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |pages=22}}</ref> He had consistently declined to dissolve the Company, even though it was not profitable, due to concerns about losing his reputation in [[Denmark–Norway|Denmark]] and abroad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bellamy |first=Martin |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047411291 |title=Christian IV and his Navy |date=2006-10-13 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789047411291 |isbn=978-90-474-1129-1}}</ref> The company was eventually dissolved{{Efn|The initial company was in operation from 1616 to 1650, while the second company existed between 1670 and 1729, before being re-established in 1730 as the [[Asiatic Company]] (Danish: ''Asiatisk Kompagni''), .
}} after Christian's death<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ostindisk Kompagni, 1616–1729 |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/ostindisk-kompagni |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=danmarkshistorien.dk |language=da}}</ref> when informed about its dissolution, the Danish factors stationed in Asia had no choice but to continue operating the Asian settlements as they were the property of the [[Monarchy of Denmark|Crown]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Feldbæk and Justesen |title=Kolonierne i Asian og Afrika |pages=76}}</ref>

== Late phase (1669–1698) ==
{{Further|Attack in Hooghly}}[[File:Christian V. of Denmark.jpg|thumb|Christian V of Denmark]]
After the dissolution of the first company and [[Second Northern War|conflicts at home]], relations between Denmark-Norway and [[Tranquebar]] were re-established in 1669 after a successful expedition by the [[frigate]] ''Færø'' in 1668, which resulted in the renewal of Danish interests in the region. In 1672 [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V]] wrote a letter to the Mughals, asking for compensation for Danish vessels during the conflict.<ref name="Clausen 1983 109"/> The compensation was never fulfilled, and the Danes became increasingly frustrated and even chased and blew up two greater vessels near [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hughli]].<ref name="Coolhaas1970p417" /> The incidents and skirmishes continued, until eventually, the Danes felt the absence of the Bengali market and decided to resume negotiations.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Peace ==
{{Main|Dano-Mughal Treaty}}

A provisional peace was agreed upon in 1674.<ref name="olsen" /> However, this period of peace was short-lived as the Danes continued to pillage Bengali merchants for their own financial benefit. Danish hostilities were renewed against Bengal after the vessel ''Christianshavn'' was wrecked by the local ''[[faujdar]]'' (commander responsible for administering [[Subdistrict|sub-districts]]) according to the Danish claims.<ref name="Larsen 2012 1990–1991"/> Danish harassment of both hostile but also peaceful Bengali merchants went on until the late seventeenth century. The Danes wished to regain their influence in Bengal by re-establishing their presence in the region. They yet again tried to negotiate peace with the Mughals, this time succeeding.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 1698, [[Andreas Andræ]], along with [[Thomas Schmertz]], was dispatched to Bengal by the Danish government. They arrived with ships, Indian servants, money, goods, and Danish settlers with the intention of establishing a trading presence in the region. Andræ successfully negotiated a [[Peace treaty|peace agreement]] with the Bengali governor, Mohammed Ajumadi, wherein both parties agreed to set aside their claims over previously confiscated ships. The Danish delegates also gifted 15,000 [[rupee]]s and four cannons to the prince.<ref name="Coolhaas1970p417" /> Moreover, Andræ secured a lease for a plot of land at [[Gondalpara|Gondalapara]] close to the French settlement of [[French India#List of French establishments in India|Chandernagore]] for 30,000 rupees to be paid over a period of ten years. This area eventually became known as [[Dannemarksnagore]], where the Danes established a trading post that served as the foundation for their operations in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title="Da Fattiromany blev taget: En dansk Kup i Bengalen 1714," |year=1940 |pages=31 |language=Danish |trans-title=When Fattiromany was Taken: A Danish Coup in Bengal 1714}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|Danish East India Company}}
* {{Annotated link|Battle of Buxar}}
* {{Annotated link|Dutch East India Company}}
* {{Annotated link|Bahadur Shah I}}
* {{Annotated link|Ove Gjedde}}
* {{Annotated link|Cattle War}}
* {{Annotated link|Siege of Dansborg (1644)}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wars involving Denmark–Norway|Mughal]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Naval history of India]]
[[Category:Military history of Bengal]]
[[Category:17th century in India]]
[[Category:Danish colonisation in Asia]]
[[Category:17th century in Danish India]]
[[Category:17th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]

Dano-Mughal War - Revision history

Yaarzu at 20:37, 12 April 2026