DinahFlo5043561 at 06:59, 17 April 2026

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{{Short description|Literature produced in Deccani Urdu}}
'''Deccani literature''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|ادبیات دكهنى}}}}, {{Transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''“Adbiyāt-i-Dakhni Urdū”''}}) is the literature produced in the [[Deccani language|Deccani language]].<ref name="Digby">{{Cite journal|last=Digby|first=Simon|title=Before Timur Came: Provincialization of the Delhi Sultanate through the Fourteenth Century|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165052|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|year=2004|volume=47|issue=3|pages=333–335|doi=10.1163/1568520041974657|jstor=25165052|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The earliest forms of Deccani literature are in the form of Sufi and Bhakti texts with poetic genres.<ref name="Digby"/> The timeline of Deccani literature is divided into two periods: medieval (1300–1800) and modern (after 1800). Though Medieval Deccani literature consists of ''[[Mathnawi]]'' it also has various genres, including works of "Fakhruddin Nizami" ''[[Kadam Rao Padam Rao]]'' (1434 AD), Deccani Masnavi originated during the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in the early 14th and 15th century; they are written in [[rhyming couplet]]s in [[Deccan Urdu|Deccani]], the use of [[grammar]] and [[Meter (poetry)|meter]] similar with ''[[Masnavi (poetic form)|Masnavi]]'' of [[Urdu language]].<ref name="Digby"/><ref name="Brill">Bruijn, J.T.P. de; Flemming, B.; Rahman, Munibur. "Mat̲h̲nawī." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. Augustana. 18 October 2011 http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-0709 {{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} pp. 9</ref>

In the late 15th and early 16th century, after the Bahmani Sultanate disintegrated into the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], the Deccani literary tradition was largely developed and became concentrated at [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]] and [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]].{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=100}} Numerous Deccani poets were patronized during this time. According to Shaheen and Shahid, Golconda was the literary home of Asadullah Wajhi (author of ''Sab Ras''), ibn-e-Nishati (''Phulban''), and Ghwasi (''Tutinama''). Bijapur played host to Hashmi Bijapuri, San‘ati, and Mohammed Nusrati over the years.{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=124}} The rulers themselves participated in these cultural developments. [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] of the [[Golconda Sultanate]] wrote poetry in Deccani, which was compiled into a ''[[Kulliyat]].'' It is widely considered to be the earliest Deccani Urdu poetry of a secular nature.{{Sfn|Rahman|2011|p=27}}<ref name="Masud">{{cite book |title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |pages=50–77 |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0233-7 |last=Hussain Khan |first=Masud}}</ref> and ''[[Lazzat Un Nisa]]'', a book compiled in the 16th century at Qutb Shahi courts contains secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.<ref name="Lizzat-un-nisa">{{cite book |title=Scent in the Islamic Garden: A Study of Deccani Urdu Literary Sources |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=40 |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-579334-5 |first=Ali Alber |last=Husain}}</ref> [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]] produced ''Kitab-e-Navras'' (Book of the Nine [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasas]]), a work of musical poetry written entirely in Deccani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matthews|first=David J.|title=Eighty Years of Dakani Scholarship|url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/11813|journal=The Annual of Urdu Studies|year=1993|volume=9|pages=92–93}}</ref> In 18the century a collection of Urdu ''[[Ghazal]]'' poetry, named ''Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa'', authored by [[Mah Laqa Bai]]—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.<ref name="Mah laqa bai">{{cite book |title=Women writing in India volume 1, 600 BC to the early twentieth century |publisher=[[The Feminist Press]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenwritinginin00thar/page/120 120]–122 |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-55861-027-9 |first1=Susie J. |last1=Tharu |first2=K. |last2=Lalita |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/womenwritinginin00thar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=Hans R. |last=Dua |chapter=Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language |editor=Michael Clyne |title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA383 |year=2012 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-088814-0}}
* {{citation |title=From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Rahman |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-906313-0 |url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2014}}
*{{Citation|last=Mustafa|first=K.S|title=Dakkhni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WroLC__7EUC|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories|pages=185–186|year=2008|editor-last=Prakāśaṃ|editor-first=Vennelakaṇṭi|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-1139465502}}
*{{Citation|last1=Shaheen|first1=Shagufta|title=The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī|work=Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad|year=2018|editor-last=Azam|editor-first=Kousar J|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351393997|last2=Shahid|first2=Sajjad}}
*{{Cite thesis|last=Matthews|first=David J.|title=Dakani Language and Literature|date=1976|publisher=SOAS University of London|url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.465269|url-access=registration}}

[[Category:Urdu-language literature]]
[[Category:Early modern literature]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Deccani literature - Revision history

DinahFlo5043561 at 06:59, 17 April 2026