Tonyrogers1123 at 03:04, 27 April 2026

2026-04-27T03:04:58Z

New page

{{Short description|Assembly organised by the British Raj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Delhi Durbar, 1911.jpg|thumb|right|The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] seated upon the [[dais]].]]

The '''Delhi Durbar''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] "[[Durbar (court)#British Indian Empire|Court]] of [[Delhi]]") was the imperial mass assembly organized by the [[British Raj]] at [[Coronation Park, Delhi]], [[India]], to mark the accession of an [[Emperor of India|Emperor or Empress of India]]. The ceremonial name was derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] term, ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' (royal court). Also known as the '''Imperial Durbar''', it was held three times, in 1877, 1903, and 1911, at the height of the [[British Empire]]. The 1911 Durbar was the only one that a sovereign, [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], attended; at the earlier Durbars, the monarch was represented by their [[viceroy]]. A Durbar was contemplated in 1937 or 1938 for [[George VI]], the last emperor, but was postponed. The Durbar was rendered obsolete by the emergence of India and Pakistan as independent nations following [[World War II]].

==Durbar of 1877==
[[File:Delhi Durbar 1877.jpg|thumb|right|The Delhi Durbar of 1877. The [[Viceroy of India]] is seated on the dais to the left.]]
[[File:This illustration depicts some of the shān-o-shaukat (pomp and show) of the imperial assemblage in Delhi in January 1877.jpg|thumb|This illustration depicts some of the shān-o-shaukat (pomp and show) of the imperial assemblage in Delhi in January 1877]]
Called the "Proclamation [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]", the Durbar of 1877, for which the organisation was undertaken by [[Thomas Henry Thornton]], was held beginning on 1 January 1877 to proclaim [[Queen Victoria]] as [[Empress of India]] by the British. The 1877 Durbar was largely an official event and not a popular occasion with mass participation like later durbars in 1903 and 1911. It was attended by the [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|1st Earl of Lytton]]—[[Viceroy of India]], [[maharaja]]s, [[nawab]]s and intellectuals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/407181/the-imperial-assemblage-held-at-delhi-1-january-1877 |title=The Imperial Assemblage held at Delhi|date= 1 January 1877|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

Inside the [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]] in [[Calcutta]] is an inscription taken from the message of Queen Victoria presented at the 1877 Durbar to the people of India:

<blockquote>We trust that the present occasion may tend to unite in bonds of close affection ourselves and our subjects; that from the highest to the humblest, all may feel that under our rule the great principles of liberty, equity, and justice are secured to them; and to promote their happiness, to add to their prosperity, and advance their welfare, are the ever present aims and objects of our Empire.</blockquote>

The [[Empress of India Medal]] to commemorate the proclamation of the Queen as [[Empress of India]] was struck and distributed to the honoured guests,<ref>[[The Illustrated London News]] dated 20 Jan. – 17 Feb., 1877 retrieved 3/18/2007 [http://www.iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1877.htm medal]</ref> and the elderly [[Tagore family|Ramanath Tagore]] was raised to the status of an honorary [[Raja]] by [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]], viceroy of India.<ref>[[Evan Cotton|Cotton, H. E. A.]], ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, p. 596, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref>

It was at this glittering durbar that [[Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi]], wearing "''homespun spotless white khadi''" rose to read a citation on behalf of the grass roots native political organization, the [[Poona Sarvajanik Sabha]], which organization presaged the later rise of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Joshi's speech put forth a demand couched in very polite language:

<blockquote>Her Majesty to grant to India the same political and social status as is enjoyed by her British subjects.</blockquote>

With this demand, it can be said that the campaign for [[Mahadev Govind Ranade#Political|Indian Independence]] was formally launched,<ref>The Delhi Durbar,, Dimdima.com, magazine of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], {{Unreliable source?|date=April 2026}}[http://dimdima.com/knowledge/freedom.asp?q_content2=yes&tit=The+Delhi+Durbar free india] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620133853/http://dimdima.com/knowledge/freedom.asp?q_content2=yes&tit=The+Delhi+Durbar |date=20 June 2008 }}</ref> {{Unreliable source?|date=April 2026}} which was the beginning of a great transformation for India.<ref>KESAVAN MUKUL
(Sunday, 29 May 2005) "''STORY OF THE CONGRESS – Three pivotal moments that shaped early nationalism in India''", The Telegraph, Calcutta, retrieved 3/19/2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20051118001807/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050529/asp/opinion/story_4798753.asp nationalism]</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2026}}

The durbar would later be seen as controversial because it directed funds away from the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]].<ref>Douglas Northrop, ''An Imperial World: Empires and Colonies since 1750'' (Boston: Pearson, 2013), pp. 2–3.</ref>

==Durbar of 1903==
[[File:DelhiDurbar LordCurzon.jpg|thumb|right|[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord]] and [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Lady Curzon]] arriving at the Delhi Durbar, 1903]]

The durbar was held to celebrate the succession of [[King Edward VII]] and [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]] as Emperor and Empress of India. The two full weeks of festivities were devised in meticulous detail by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], Viceroy of India.<ref>{{cite book|first=Pramod K.|last=Nayar|title=Colonial Voices: The Discourses of Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CPu1l2zFY0C|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-27897-0|page=94}}</ref> It was a dazzling display of pomp, power, and split-second timing. Neither the earlier Delhi Durbar of 1877, nor the later Durbar held there in 1911, could match the pageantry of Lord Curzon's 1903 festivities. In a few short months at the end of 1902, a deserted plain was transformed into an elaborate tented city, complete with temporary light railway to bring crowds of spectators out from Delhi, a post office with its own stamps, telephone and telegraphic facilities, a variety of stores, a police force with specially designed uniforms, a hospital, a magistrate's court and complex sanitation, drainage, and electric light installations. Souvenir guidebooks were sold and maps of the camping ground distributed. Marketing opportunities were craftily exploited. A special [[Delhi Durbar Medal]] was struck, as part of the celebrations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher McCreery|author-link=Christopher McCreery|title=Commemorative Medals of the Queen's Reign in Canada, 1952-2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg1k4oJn8a4C&pg=PA32|year=2012|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0756-6|pages=32–}}</ref>

Edward VII, to Curzon's disappointment, did not attend but sent his brother, the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]] who arrived with a mass of dignitaries by train from Bombay just as Curzon and his government came in the other direction from Calcutta. The assembly awaiting them displayed possibly the greatest collection of jewels to be seen in one place. Each of the Indian princes was adorned with the most spectacular of his gems from the collections of centuries. Maharajahs came with great retinues from all over India, many of them meeting for the first time while the massed ranks of the Indian armies, under their Commander-in-Chief [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], paraded, played their bands, and restrained the crowds of common people.<ref>De Courcy Anne (2003) "''The Viceroy's Daughters: The Lives of the Curzon Sisters''", Harper Collins, 464 pages, {{ISBN|0-06-093557-X}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ju0AEj7kUegC&dq=peacock+dress+curzon&pg=PA11 61 page Abstract](biography) retrieved from Google 3/14/2007</ref>

On the first day, the Curzons entered the area of festivities, together with the maharajahs, riding on elephants, some with huge gold candelabra stuck on their tusks. The durbar ceremony itself fell on New Year's Day and was followed by days of polo and other sports, dinners, balls, military reviews, bands, and exhibitions. The world's press dispatched their best journalists, artists and photographers to cover proceedings. The popularity of movie footage of the event, shown in makeshift cinemas throughout India, is often credited with having launched the country's [[Cinema of India#1896 - 1910|early film industry]].<ref>Holmes Richard, "''Sahib: The British Soldier in India 1750–1914''". HARPERCOLLINS. 571 pages.</ref><ref>Bottomore Stephen (Oct, 1995) "''An amazing quarter-mile of moving gold, gems and genealogy''": filming India's 1902/03 Delhi Durbar, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, includes extensive bibliography of the event, retrieved 3/18/2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20200618171347/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qL46H88ToTI&gl=US&hl=en Victoria Memorial Inside 2018 Kolkata]</ref>

The India Post issued a set of two commemorative souvenir sheets with special cancellation struck on 1 January 1903 – 12 noon, a much sought-after item for stamp collectors today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hipstamp.com/listing/india-1903-king-edward-vii-coronation-durbar-delhi-commemorative-cancellation/20415958|title=India - 1903 King Edward VII Coronation Durbar, Delhi Commemorative Cancellation|publisher=Hip Stamp|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

The event culminated in a grand coronation ball attended only by the highest-ranking guests, presided over by Lord Curzon and [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Lady Curzon]] in her jewels and [[Lady Curzon's peacock dress|peacock gown]].<ref>Cory, Charlotte (2002) Sunday Times, 29 December, retrieved 3/14/2007 "''The Delhi Durbar 1903 Revisited''",[http://www.charlottecory.com/travel/delhi_durbar.htm 1903 Durbar, extensive description] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513183442/http://www.charlottecory.com/travel/delhi_durbar.htm |date=13 May 2009 }}</ref>

==Durbar of 1911==
{{see also|1911 Delhi Durbar Honours}}
[[File:Delhi Darbar, 12 Dec 1911.jpg|thumb|right|Plan of the 1911 Durbar arena.]]
[[File:The Arena and the Spectator's mound from the top of the stand.jpg|thumb|right|View of the Durbar arena from the grandstand.]]
[[File:The Nizam of Hyderabad pays homage to the king and queen at the Delhi Durbar.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] pays homage to the Emperor and Empress at the Delhi Durbar, December 1911.]]
On 22 March 1911, a royal proclamation announced that the Durbar would be held in December to commemorate the coronation in Britain a few months earlier of [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] and allow their proclamation as Emperor and Empress of India. Every [[Governor#British Empire and Commonwealth Realms|governor]] and all the rulers of [[princely state]]s in India were summoned to pay obeisance.<ref name="Official_Directory">{{cite book |author= |date=1911 |title=Coronation Durbar, Delhi 1911: Official Directory, with Maps |url=https://archive.org/details/coronationdurbar030742mbp/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |pages=1–5 }}</ref>

The King and Queen left [[Portsmouth]] on 11 November aboard {{RMS|Medina|1911|6}}, a new [[P&O (company)|P&O]] [[ocean liner]], arriving in Delhi on 7 December in a grand State Entry through the city gates in which 50,000 troops participated, led by [[O'Moore Creagh|Sir O'Moore Creagh]], the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief of India]]. Escorted by a guard of the [[Household Cavalry]], the King rode an Australian [[Horses in warfare|charger]] and was dressed in military uniform with a plumed [[pith helmet]], to the disappointment of the people in the crowd, who had been expecting him to be riding an elephant and wearing a crown. The Queen followed in an open carriage.<ref name="Makin1936">{{cite book |last=Makin |first=William J. |date=1936 |title=The Life of King George the Fifth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kubAYgEACAAJ |location=London |publisher=George Newnes Limited |pages=164–165}}</ref> The following days were taken up with receptions for the Indian princes, a [[church parade]] and the presentation of [[regimental colours]].<ref name="Official_Directory"/>

The Durbar itself was on Tuesday, 12 December, at [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], on which a semi-circular [[grandstand]] had been built for 10,000 government officials and other dignitaries, while further back an artificial mound seated 50,000 local people. The royal couple arrived in their Coronation robes, the King-Emperor wearing the [[Imperial Crown of India]] with eight arches, containing 6,100 [[diamond]]s, and covered with [[sapphire]]s, [[emerald]]s and [[Ruby|rubies]], with a velvet and miniver cap all weighing 34 ounces (965 g).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/31706/the-imperial-crown-of-india |title=The Imperial Crown of India 1911 |author= |date= |website=www.rct.uk |publisher=The Royal Collection Trust |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> Seated on thrones, they listened as the [[Delhi Herald Extraordinary]], [[William Peyton|Brigadier-General William Peyton]], read out the proclamation in English, followed by the Assistant Herald, [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan|Captain Malik Umar Hayat Khan]],<ref>Cox, Noel, ''A New Zealand Heraldic Authority?'' in John Campbell-Kease (ed), ''Tribute to an Armorist: Essays for John Brooke-Little to mark the Golden Jubilee of The Coat of Arms'', London, The Heraldry Society, 2000, p. 93 & p. 101</ref> who read it in [[Urdu]].<ref name="Makin1936"/> They received homage from the native princes – including one woman, the [[Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Begum of Bhopal]] – at the [[shamiana]] (ceremonial tent); controversy ensued when the [[Gaekwar of Baroda]], Maharajah [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao III]], approached the royal couple without his jewellery on, and after a simple bow turned his back to them when leaving. His action was interpreted at the time as a sign of dissent to British rule.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16051168 | work=BBC News | title=Indian maharajah's daring act of anti-colonial dissent | date=2011-12-10}}</ref> Afterwards, the royal couple ascended to the domed royal pavilion, where the King-Emperor announced the move of India's capital from Calcutta to Delhi. The annulment of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] was also announced during the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gktoday.in/gk/delhi-durbar-of-1911/|title=Delhi Durbar of 1911 - General Knowledge Today|website=www.gktoday.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-18}}</ref> After the departure of the king and queen, the enthusiastic crowd surged into the arena.<ref name="Makin1936"/>

On the following day, 13 December, the royal couple made a ''[[Jharokha Darshan]]'' (balcony appearance) at the [[Red Fort]], to receive half a million or more of the common people who had come to greet them,<ref name="Makin1936"/> a custom which was started by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Reddi |first=C. V. Narasimha |title=Public information management: ancient India to modern India, 1500 B.C.-2000 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3DgAAAAMAAJ|date=January 2001|publisher=Himalaya Pub. House|page=81|isbn=9788178660448 }}</ref> On 14 December, the King-Emperor presided over a military review of 40,000 troops, culminating in a great cavalry charge. There followed an investiture in Delhi Park, the first was the Queen who received the [[Order of the Star of India]].<ref name="Makin1936"/> 26,800 [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Medal]]s in silver were awarded to the men and officers of the British and Indian Armies who participated in the 1911 event. A further two hundred were struck in gold,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Howard N Cole.|title=Coronation and Royal Commemorative Medals.|pages=37. Published J. B. Hayward & Son, London. 1977}}</ref> a hundred of which were awarded to Indian princely rulers and the highest ranking government officers.<ref>Delhi Durbar Medals of 1911 [http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/the_delhi_durbar_medal_1911.htm 1911 medal]</ref>

Following the Durbar, the King and Queen left for ten days in [[Nepal]], where the King was taken tiger hunting. After visiting Calcutta, they journeyed across India by train to Bombay, which they left on 10 January on RMS ''Medina''.<ref name="Makin1936"/>

A [[feature film]] of the event titled ''[[With Our King and Queen Through India]]'' (1912) – also known as ''The Durbar in Delhi'' – was filmed in the early color process [[Kinemacolor]] and released on 2 February 1912.<ref>Filming the Delhi Durbar [http://www.charlesurban.com/durbar.htm 1911 filming] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708135411/http://www.charlesurban.com/durbar.htm |date=8 July 2011 }}</ref>

Generally the Durbar achieved its purpose of cementing support for British rule among the native princes, as was demonstrated by the support given during the First World War.<ref name="Makin1936"/>

Today, the Coronation Park in Delhi is sometimes used for big religious festivals and municipal conventions.<ref>Mukherjee Sanjeeb (Oct. 2001) Coronation Park – the Raj junkyard, the-south-Asian.com, retrieved 3/18/2007 [http://www.the-south-asian.com/Oct2001/Junkyard_of_statues.htm Coronation Park] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111112718/http://www.the-south-asian.com/Oct2001/Junkyard_of_statues.htm |date=11 November 2006 }}</ref> The thrones used by King George V and Queen Mary are on display at Marble Hall Gallery and Museum at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/panoramic_view.html|title=Museum and Galleries in Rashtrapati Bhavan|author=Presidentofindia.nic.in|access-date=15 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505034522/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/panoramic_view.html|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Postponed Durbar of 1937 or 1938==
[[File:Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow.jpg|thumb|right|Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow, the Governor-General and Viceroy of India, was initially enthusiastic about another durbar, but ultimately led efforts to have it indefinitely postponed.]]
On the [[death of George V]] in January 1936, his eldest son acceded as [[Edward VIII]]. In his first and only [[speech from the throne]] at the [[State Opening of Parliament]] in November 1936, he announced that he would attend a Durbar in Delhi during the winter following his coronation in 1937. When [[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward abdicated]] in December 1936, it was initially envisaged that his brother [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] would continue with the Durbar as already planned, with the enthusiastic backing of the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Lord Zetland]] and the Viceroy, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]]. However, persuaded by the prime minister, [[Stanley Baldwin]] and his doctors, George decided that travelling to India in the aftermath of his [[Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth|coronation in May]] would place too great a strain on his health, and it was announced on 9 February 1937 that the Durbar had been postponed until "a later date". The reason given was that it was "impossible to contemplate a prolonged absence during the first year of his reign", so as not to give credence to rumours circulating about the king's physical and mental wellbeing.<ref>Bradford 1989, pp. 274–275</ref>

By August 1937, the situation in India had changed. The [[Government of India Act 1935]] had set in motion modest moves towards Indian self government; the pro-independence [[Indian National Congress]] had dominated the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]] in seven out of eleven provinces, and had made it clear that they would not only boycott the Durbar but refuse to vote the funds to pay for it. Linlithgow wrote to Zetland in August saying that the king ought to be warned of "unpleasantness" if he visited India. Zetland took up the matter with the new prime minister, [[Neville Chamberlain]], while the viceroy sought the opinion of the [[Provinces of India|provincial governors]], who were all against the idea. Meanwhile, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the leader of the Congress party, told the Indian press that if the British Government wanted to protect the king from any sort of "untoward incident", then they ought to "keep him in England".<ref>Bradford 1989, pp. 289–290</ref>

Chamberlain was persuaded and initially omitted any mention of royal visit to India from the king's speech of October 1937, but under pressure from the king and against the advice of the viceroy, included the non-committal line; "I am looking forward with interest and pleasure to the time when it will be possible for Me to visit My Indian Empire".<ref>{{hansard|1937/oct/26/the-kings-speech | house=lords |access-date=29 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>Bradford 1989, pp. 290–291</ref> Linlithgow and Zetland then made a determined effort to dissuade the king from visiting India, even on a more modest scale, using the pretext of finance rather than Indian politics. Quoting a cost of £1 million, all of which would fall on the central government of India and which, they advised, the Indian Finance Minister, [[James Grigg]], was unwilling to support. Finally, in February 1938, the king had to be formally advised by Chamberlain to again postpone any visit "until the general world outlook has become more settled and the financial prospects [are] more definite".<ref>Bradford 1989, pp. 292–294</ref>

Eventually, the onset of the [[Second World War]] and [[Indian independence movement|the movement towards Indian independence]] rendered the prospect of any royal visit nearly impossible.<ref>Aldrich 2016, Ch. 15</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery class="center">
File: Durbar Procession in 1903.jpg|A view of the Durbar Procession of 1903
File:Delhi Durbar 1903.jpg|Elephant Carriage of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]], Delhi Durbar of 1903
File:Delhi durbar 1911 2.jpg|[[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] at the Delhi Durbar 1911
File: Queen Victoria's statue inside the memorial in Kolkata.jpg|Interior of the [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], [[Kolkata]] (the inscription is to the right of the statue)
File: Delhi Durbar, 1911.jpg|Durbar of 1911 in the amphitheatre created for the event
File: The Obelsik marking the Durbar of King George V at Coronation Park, Delhi.2JPG.jpg|Commemorative [[Obelisk]] at [[Coronation Park, Delhi]], erected at the exact place where [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] sat in 'Delhi Durbar' of 1911 while declaring the shifting of capital of [[British Raj]] from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]]
File: Malik Umar Hayat Khan - Assistant Delhi Herald.jpg|[[Malik Umar Hayat Khan]] serving as Assistant [[Delhi Herald Extraordinary]] in 1911
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Aldrich |editor-first1=Robert |editor-link1=Robert Aldrich (historian) |editor-last2=McCreery |editor-first2=Cindy |date=2016 |title=Crowns and colonies: European monarchies and overseas empires |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW25DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT400 |publisher=Manchester University Press |chapter=Chapter 15. A new monarchy for a new commomwealth? Monarchy and the consequences of republican India |isbn=978-1784993153}}
* {{cite book|last=Army|first=Indian |title=Soldiers' games: 'Imperial Assemblage'. Delhi, 3rd January, 1877 |url=https://archive.org/stream/soldiersgamesimp00delh#page/n0/mode/2up |year=1877 |publisher=s. n.}}
* Codell, Julie, ed. (2011). ''Power and Resistance: Photography and the Delhi Coronation Durbars.'' Ahmedabad: Mapin.
* Codell, Julie (2009), "Indian Crafts and Imperial Policy: Hybridity, Purification and Imperial Subjectivities," ''Material Cultures, 1740–1920: The Meanings and Pleasures of Collecting.'' Eds. A. Myzelev & J. Potvin. Aldershot: Ashgate, 149–70.
* Codell, Julie (2004), "Gentlemen connoisseurs and capitalists: Modern British Imperial Identity in the 1903 Delhi Durbar Exhibition of Indian Art," ''Cultural Identities and the Aesthetics of Britishness''. Ed.D. Arnold. Manchester U P, 134–63.
* Douglas-Home, Jessica (2011). ''A Glimpse of Empire.'' Wilby: Michael Russell.
* {{cite book|last=Fraser|first=Lovat|title=At Delhi (An account of the Delhi Durbar, 1903)|url=https://archive.org/stream/atdelhifras00fras#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1903|publisher=Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker}}
* {{cite book|last=Hobbes|first=John Oliver|title=Imperial India; letters from the East (Delhi Durbar)|url=https://archive.org/stream/imperialindialet00hobbiala#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1903|publisher=London : T.F. Unwin}}
* {{cite book| title = The Durbar (Illustrated)|last=Menpes|first=Mortimer|author-link=Mortimer Menpes| url = https://archive.org/stream/thedurbar00menpiala#page/n11/mode/2up|publisher=London: A & C Black|year=1903}}
* {{cite book|title=Coronation Durbar Delhi 1911: Official Directory with Maps|url=https://archive.org/stream/coronationdurbar030742mbp#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1911|publisher=The Superintendent, Government Printing, Calcutta}}
* {{cite book |title=Supplement to Who's Who in India – Containing lives and photographs of the recipients of honours on 12th December 1911|publisher=Newul Kishore Press, Lucknow|year= 1912 |url=https://archive.org/stream/supplementtowhos00luckrich#page/n9/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book|last=Raman and Agrawal|first=Sunil and Rohit |title=Delhi Durbar 1911: The Complete Story |year=2012|publisher=Roli Books |location=Delhi}}
* Codell, Julie, ed. (2012). ''Power and Resistance: The Delhi Coronation Durbars''. Ahmedabad: Mapin.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306140911/https://vimeo.com/7141282 The Coronation Durbar of 1911, film] from BFI archives
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=51998 Great Coronation Durbar, DELHI video newsreel film]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826105024/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=51998 |date=26 August 2011 }}.
* [https://www.imdb.com/find?s=tt&q=Delhi+Durbar+and+Coronation Cornation Durbar films] at [[Internet Movie Database]]
* {{YouTube|id=oKF_lie2Wc8|title="Delhi Durbar" – 1903 – The Coronation of King Edward VII as Emperor of India – Robert W Paul – Documentary }}{{dead link|date=December 2017}}

{{Delhi|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|28.7235|N|77.1968|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Government of British India]]
[[Category:History of Delhi]]
[[Category:Monarchy of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:State ritual and ceremonies]]
[[Category:1877 in British India]]
[[Category:1903 in British India]]
[[Category:1911 in British India]]
[[Category:1877 in India]]
[[Category:1903 in India]]
[[Category:1911 in India]]

Delhi Durbar - Revision history

Tonyrogers1123 at 03:04, 27 April 2026