2409:4063:2293:DE87:95DF:F895:907F:5220 at 18:15, 3 June 2021

2021-06-03T18:15:01Z

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{{About||the 2012 film|Devaraya (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Hampi, Hazararama Temple (6338545206).jpg
| alt = Deva Raya
| caption = The Hazara Rama temple built by Deva Raya I in [[Hampi]]
| reign = 1406–1422 CE
}}
[[File:Kannada inscription of Deva Raya I (1406-1424 AD) at the Hazara Rama temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|upright|Kannada inscription of Deva Raya I at the Hazara Rama temple in Hampi]]
{{Vijayanagara empire}}

'''Deva Raya I''' (reigned 1406–1422 CE) was a king of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (of the [[Sangama Dynasty]]).<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=103–108}}</ref> After [[Harihara II]] died there was a dispute between his sons over the throne in which Deva Raya I eventually emerged victor. He was a very capable ruler noted for his military exploits and his support to irrigation works in his kingdom.<ref name="kul">Kulakarṇī, Nayeem, De Souza (1996), p.106</ref> He modernized the Vijayanagara army by improving the cavalry, employed skilled archers of the Turkish clan and raised the fighting capacity of his bowmen and horses from Arabia and Persia.<ref name="bow">Bowman,(2013) p.271</ref> Of Deva Raya I, the Italian traveler [[Niccolò de' Conti|Nicolo Conti]], who visited Vijayanagara in c.1420, described thus: "In this city, there are 90,000 men fit to bear arms... their king is more powerful than all the kings of India".<ref name="bow"/><ref name="mos">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.31</ref> Conti also noted that the royal city had grown to a circumference of 60 mi.<ref name="cir">Kamath (1980), p.163</ref> Deva Raya I was a patron of [[Kannada literature]] and architecture. Madhura, a noted Jain poet was in his court (and also in the court of his father King [[Harihara II]]) and wrote in Kannada the ''Dharmanathapurana'' on the life of the fifteenth Jain [[Tirthankar]] (Dharmanatha), and a poem in eulogy of [[Gommateshvara]] of [[Shravanabelagola]].<ref name="gomma">Sastri (1955), p.360</ref> The noted Hazare Rama temple, an excellent example of Deccan architecture was constructed during his rule.<ref name="deccan">Fritz & Michell (2001), p.9</ref> One of Deva Raya's queens Bhima Devi was a disciple of the Jain guru Abhinava Charukirti Panditacharya. She was a devotee of [[Shantinatha]], 16th Jain ''[[tirthankara]]'' and built a temple at the Mangayi Basti in [[Shravanabelagola]].<ref name="basti">Sangave (1981), p.46</ref>

==Irrigation works and general administration==
The credit for making the capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire one of the biggest cities in the 15th century goes to Deva Raya I. He realized that the scarcity of water supply, both for drinking and for irrigation, was restricting the growth of the royal capital.<ref name="kul"/> In c.1410 he had a barrage constructed across the Tungabhadra river and commissioned a 24 km long aqueduct from the [[Tungabhadra river]] to the capital.<ref>V.K Agnihotri (2007), India History, p.150, Allied Publishers Private Limited, {{ISBN|8184242999}}</ref> The account provided by Nuniz gives a details of the projects undertaken by Deva Raya I that brought prosperity to the Kingdom. He maintained a secular attitude in administrative matters. He had a Mosque and a slaughter house constructed for the convenience of the Muslim soldiers in his army.<ref name="slaughter">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), pp.30-31</ref> In c. 1413, a dispute over property between the Shanka Jainalya of [[Lakshmeshwara]] and the Someshvara temple trust of the palace was settled in favor of the Jains. Deva Raya I had a Muslim bodyguard who built a [[choultry]] in honor of the king.<ref name="cir"/>

==Military campaigns==
Throughout his reign, Deva Raya was continually at war with the Velamas of Telangana, the Bahmani Sultan of [[Gulbarga]], the Reddis of Kondavidu, and the traditional rivals of Vijayanagara, the Gajaptis of Kalinga. Deva Raya I was capable of managing the vast territory that he controlled by employing skilled archers of the Turkish clan and raised the fighting capacity of his bowmen. Following a confusion in the Reddi kingdom, Deva Raya I entered into an alliance with Warangal for partitioning the Reddi kingdom between them.<ref name="chandra">Chandra (1997), p.180</ref> The split of Warangal changed the balance of power in the Deccan. In c.1420, Firoz Shah invaded Pangal but the two-year siege at Pangal ended in disease and disaster for Firoz Shah's armies. Deva Raya inflicted a shattering defeat on Firoz Shah.<ref>Chandra, Satish (1997), p.180, ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals - Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)'', Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi</ref> The Sultan had to hand over the southern and eastern districts of his kingdom to Deva Raya I. Consequently, by c.1422, Deva Raya I came to control territory up to the [[Krishna river]] - [[Tungabhadra river]] doab including Pangal<ref name="chandra"/><ref name="chow">Chaurasia (2002) p.109</ref> In the following days, the distressed Sultan died after leading a life of piety after abdicating power to his brother Ahmad.<ref name="cir"/><ref name="pangal">Sastri (1955). p.225</ref> Unable to accept this turn around, the Gajapati King Bhanudeva of Odisha invaded Rajamahendri. When a war with Vijayanagara seemed imminent, some skilful diplomacy by Vijayanagara chief Dodda Alla averted it.<ref name="war">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.30</ref> Deva Raya was to be succeeded by his sons [[Ramachandra Raya]] and shortly thereafter by [[Vijaya Raya]].

==Ferishta's account==
Persian writer Ferishta narrates an interesting story, not repeated or supported by any other contemporary source, of the kings' love for a beautiful girl, a daughter of a goldsmith from Mudugal in the [[Raichur district]]. Unable to wed her, a frustrated Deva Raya I attacked Mudgal and laid to waste a few villages. Aroused by this provocation, the Bahamani Sultan [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah]] invaded Vijayanagara leading to defeat of Deva Raya I. Though injured in the conflict, Firuz Shah sent his able commanders who successfully invaded Vijayanagara territory south of [[Adoni]]

According to this account, Deva Raya I had to give as tribute, one of his daughters in marriage to the Sultan's prince,<ref name="sen2"/> several pearls and cash, [[Bankapura]] territory, fifty elephants, and 2000 dancers. The goldsmith's daughter who was the reason for the war was wedded to Hassan Khan, a prince in the Sultan's family.<ref name="cir"/><ref name="prince">Sastri (1955), pp.224-225</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mallikarjuna temple (1406-1422 AD) at Hospet.JPG|Mallikarjuna temple in Mallapangudi, near [[Hospet]], built by Deva Raya I
File:Kannada inscription of Deva Raya I (1406-1422 AD) at Mallikarjuna temple in Hospet.JPG|Kannada inscription of Deva Raya I at the Mallikarjuna temple in Mallappanagudi
</gallery>

== Notes==
{{Reflist|1}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first= Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One|orig-year=1997|year=2004|publisher=Har-Anand Publications |location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |title= History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|orig-year=2002|year=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publiushers |location=New Delhi|isbn=81-269-0123-3 }}
* {{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
* {{cite book|last=Bowman|first=John Stewart|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|orig-year=2013|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0231-11004-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john}}
* {{cite book |last=Kulakarṇī,Nayeem,De Souza|first=A. Rā, M. A., Teotonio R.|title=Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi|orig-year=1996|year=1996|publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=81-7154-579-3}}
* {{cite book |title=New Light on Hampi, Recent research in Vijayanagara|editor1=John M. Fritz |editor2=George Michell |orig-year=2001|year=2001|publisher=Marg|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-85026-53-X }}
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 2|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=The Sacred Shravanabelagola (A Socio-Religious Study) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ3S6CW5KKQC |date=1981 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |location=New Delhi|edition=1st }}

==External links==
*[http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka40.htm Our Karnataka article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219170139/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_medieval.html AP Online article]

<br>
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagar empire]]|before=[[Bukka Raya II]]|after=[[Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya]] |years=1406–1422}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raya, Deva}}
[[Category:1422 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Sangama dynasty]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Deva Raya - Revision history

2409:4063:2293:DE87:95DF:F895:907F:5220 at 18:15, 3 June 2021