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{{Short description|A Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Devagandhari
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}

'''Devagandhari''' (pronounced devagāndhāri) is a [[raga]] (musical scale) in Indian classical music. In [[Carnatic music|carnatic classical music]], Devagandhari is a ''[[janya]]'' raga (derived scale), whose ''[[melakarta]]'' raga (parent scale, also known as ''janaka'') is ''[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Shankarabharanam]]'', 29th in the 72 ''Melakarta'' raga system. This is not to be confused with [[Abheri|Karnataka Devagandhari]], which is a janya of [[Kharaharapriya]] similar to [[Abheri]].

It is also present in the Sikh tradition of northern [[India]] and is part of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name="Singha 2000">{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA60 |access-date=26 May 2021 |page=60}}</ref>

== In Carnatic music ==
=== Structure and lakshana ===
[[File:ShuddhaSaveri scale.svg|300px|thumb|Ascending scale with Shadjam at C]]
[[File:Shankarabharanam scale.svg|300px|thumb|Descending scale with Shadjam at C]]
Its {{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}} structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see ''[[Swara#Swaras in Carnatic music|swaras in Carnatic music]]'' for details on below notation and terms):

* [[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|foot=yes}}
* [[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|foot=yes}}

Devagandhari ragam is an ''audava-vakra-sampurna'' raga meaning, in ''[[arohana]]'' 5 ''[[swara]]s'' come (so it is called ''audava'') and in ''[[avarohana]]'' all ''swaras'' come (so ''sampurna''), and there is a "zigzag" pattern of notes (so ''vakra''). The notes used in this ragam are ''shadjam, chatushruti rishabham, antara gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam, chatushruti dhaivatam'' and ''kakili nishadam''. This ragam sometimes includes the ''kaishika nishadam'' (''anya swara'' – a note external to the scale, making this a ''bhashanga ragam).

The closest raga to this one is [[Arabhi]]. Some of the things that makes Arabhi different (though both share the same ascending and descending scale, in terms of basic notation) are:

* Devagandhari is sung with ''[[gamaka (music)|gamakas]]'' and ''vilambita kala prayogas'' (usages with elongated notes)<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref>
* Devagandhari is sung with ''deergha gandharam'' (elongated G3)<ref name="ragas" />
* Devagandhari is a bhashanga raga, and certain prayogas use the kaishika nishadam: S N3 D N2 , , D P

=== Popular compositions ===
Here are some more compositions set to Devagandhari.

{| class="wikitable"
! Type !! Composition !! Composer !! ''[[Tala (music)|talam]]'' !! Language
|-
| [[Kriti]] || ''Ksheerasagara'' || [[Tyagaraja]] || ''Adi'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Vinaradana manavi'' || [[Tyagaraja]] || ''Adi'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Koluvaiyunnade'' || [[Tyagaraja]] || ''Adi'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Tulasamma'' || [[Tyagaraja]] || ''Adi'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kriti || ''evaru manaku'' || [[Tyagaraja]] || ''Adi'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kriti
| ''Sita vara Sangita''
| [[Tyagaraja]]
| Adi
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Karunasamudra'' || [[Tyagaraja]] || ''Adi'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Kshitija Ramanam'' || [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] || ''Adi'' || [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Jayajaya Rama Ramana'' || [[Swathi Thirunal]] || ''Jhampa'' || [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Pahi Mamayi'' || [[Swathi Thirunal]] || ''Aadi'' || [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Rama Rama Pahi'' || [[Swathi Thirunal]] || ''Roopakam'' || [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Sharade Vina Vadana'' || [[Papanasam Sivan]] || ''Aadi'' || [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
|-
| Kriti || ''Enneramum'' || [[Gopalakrishna Bharathi]] || ''Adi'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|}

== Film songs ==
=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Song
! Movie
! Composer
! Singer
|-
| "Indru Namathullame Pongum"
| [[Thanga Padhumai]]
| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Jikki]]
|-
| "Brindavanamum Nandakumaranum"
| [[Missiamma]]
| [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| [[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Yeri Karaiyin Mele"
| [[Mudhalali]]
| [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| rowspan="2" | [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| "Kaviri Paayum"(Pallavi,anupallavi only)
| [[Maragatham]]
| [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|-
| "Kanni Paruvam Aval"
| [[Indira En Selvam]]
| [[C. N. Pandurangan]]&H.R.Pathmanabha Sastri
| [[P. B. Sreenivas]],Soolamgalam Rajalakshmi
|-
| "Thendralil Aadidum"
| [[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]
| rowspan="2" | [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
| "Manthaara Malare"
| [[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]
| [[P. Jayachandran]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| "Santhakavigal"
| [[Metti (film)|Metti]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Brahmanandam
|-
| "Aasai Kiliye"
| [[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]
| [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
| "Madhurai Vaazhum"
| Pudhupatti Ponnuthayi
| [[Unni Menon]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Mannavane Mannavane"
| [[Thanthu Vitten Ennai]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Sandhanam Ennum"
| Aatam Paatam Kondaatam
| [[Gangai Amaran]]
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Deepan Chakravarthy]]
|-
| "Kaalai Arumbi"
| [[Kana Kandaen]]
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Kalyani Nair]]
|-
| "O Sukumari"
| [[Anniyan]]
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
| "Vidiya Vidiya"
| [[Samudhiram]]
| [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|}

=== Title song ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Song
! TV Serial
! Composer
! Singer
|-
| "Aadugiran Kannan"
| [[Adugiran Kannan]]
| [[C. Sathya]]
| [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|}

== In Sikh tradition ==
In the [[Sikh]] tradition from northern [[India]] it is part of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. Every raga has a strict set of rules which govern the number of notes that can be used; which notes can be used; and their interplay that has to be adhered to for the composition of a tune.
In the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the Sikh holy Granth (book), there are a total of 60 ragas compositions and this raga is the '''twenty-first''' raga to appear in the series. The composition in this raga appear on a total of '''10 pages''' from page numbers '''527 to 537'''.

Today Devagandhari is a rare, little-known, ancient raga. Its performance time is the morning hours. Historically it has had three forms; the less ornamented type is described here. In the [[Ragmala]], Devagandhari is a ragini of Malkaunsa. Today it belongs to the Asavari thata. Its mood is one of prayerful supplication presenting a heroic effect. The texts set to this raga reveal a heroic search for these qualities which lead one to the Lord. This raga was used primarily by [[Guru Arjan]]. Forty-Seven hymns were composed to it including three by [[Guru Tegh Bahadar]] and six by [[Guru Ram Das]].

* Jaati : Audava – sampurna
* Timing : second pehar
* Thaat :bilaval ( asaveri. ang )
* Aroh: Sa Re Ma Pa Dha Sa
* Avroh: Sa Ni Dha Pa, Ma Pa, Dha Ni Dha Pa, Ma Ga Re Sa
* Pakar: Dha Ni Dha Pa, Ma Ga, Sa Re Ma, Ga Sa Re Ga Sa
* Vadi: Ma
* Samvadi: Sa

=== See also ===

* [[Kirtan]]
* [[Raga]]
* [[Tala (music)|Taal]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.gurmatsangeetacademy.org/ GSA (The Gurmat Sangeet Academy)]
* [http://www.gurmatsangeetproject.com/ Gurmat Sangeet Project]
* [http://www.rajacademy.com/ Raj Academy of Asian Music]
* [http://www.sikhnet.com/GurbaniKirtan/ Sikhnet: Shabad for Printing]

{{Sikh Ragas}}
{{Melakarta ragas}}
{{Janya}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]
[[Category:Ragas in the Guru Granth Sahib]]

Devagandhari - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 21:41, 13 August 2023