Axis at 22:32, 24 September 2025

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[[File:India_Diabetes_Prevalence_in_2016.png|alt=|thumb|319x319px|Prevalence of diabetes in Indian states in 2016<ref name=":4" />]]
[[India]] has an estimated 212 million <ref name="the-hindu-2024">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-fourth-of-people-living-with-diabetes-in-india-lancet-study-estimates/article68866422.ece|title=World Diabetes Day 2024: One-fourth of people living with diabetes globally are in India, study estimates|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> people with [[diabetes]] out of 828 million globally. One in four people (26%) in the world with diabetes is from India, making it the most affected country in the world.<ref name="the-wire-2024">{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/health/one-third-diabetes-treatment-india-capital|title=Less Than a Third of People Suffering from Diabetes Get Treatment in India, World's Diabetes Capital|website=The Wire|date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> (India's population as calculated in November 2024 was about 17.78% of the global total.<ref name="Worldometer">{{cite web |url= https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population |title= Countries By Percentage Of World Population |author= Geoffrey Migiro |work= worldometers |access-date= 14 November 2024}}</ref>)

In India, [[type 1 diabetes]] is rarer than in western countries, and about 90 to 95% of Indians who were diagnosed had type 2 diabetes. Only about one-third of [[Type 2 diabetes|type 2 diabetics]] in India have a [[body mass index]] above 25.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-15 |title=Over 30 million have now been diagnosed with diabetes in India. The CPR (Crude prevalence rate) in the urban areas of India is thought to be 9 per cent. |url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/global-diabetes/diabetes-in-india.html |access-date=2020-04-29 |website=Diabetes |language=en-GB}}</ref> A 2004 study suggests that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Indians may be due to environmental and lifestyle changes resulting from industrialization and migration to urban environment from rural.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mohan|first=V.|date=June 2004|title=Why are Indians more prone to Diabetes?|journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India|volume=52|pages=468–474|issn=0004-5772|pmid=15645957}}</ref> This lifestyle change has led to the increased consumption of energy intake from animal foods in Asian populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=May 27, 2009 |title=Diabetes in Asia |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/183977 |journal=American Medical Association |volume=301 |issue=20 |via=JAMA Network}}</ref> This change has been seen in India where urban residents consumed 32% of energy from animal fats compared to 17% of rural residents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Shetty |date=2002 |title=Nutrition transition in India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/nutrition-transition-in-india/8B3C4A71EE883791E4AF0828E43BD4B9 |journal=Cambridge University Press |volume=5 |issue=1A |pages=175–182 |via=Public Health Nutrition}}</ref> These changes also occur earlier in life, which means [[Chronic condition|chronic]] long-term complications are more common.

== Epidemiology ==
[[File:Prevalence_of_Diabetes_by_Percent_of_Country_Population_(2014)_Gradient_Map.png|thumb|Rates of diabetes worldwide in 2014. The worldwide prevalence was 9.2%. In India it is 8.9% as of 2020.]]
In 2020, according to the [[International Diabetes Federation]] (IDF), 463 million people have diabetes in the world and 88 million people in the [[Southeast Asia]] region. Of this 88 million people, 77 million belong to India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://idf.org/our-network/regions-members/south-east-asia/members/94-india.html|title=Members|website=idf.org|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> The prevalence of diabetes in the population is 8.9%, according to the IDF. According to the IDF estimates, India has the second highest number of children with type 1 diabetes after the [[United States]]. It also contributes to the largest proportion of incident cases of type 1 diabetes in children in the SEA region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Ambady|last2=Snehalatha|first2=Chamukuttan|last3=Ma|first3=Ronald Ching Wan|date=2014-02-01|title=Diabetes in South-East Asia: An update|url=https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(13)00394-X/abstract|journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=103|issue=2|pages=231–237|doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.011|issn=0168-8227|pmid=24300015|s2cid=33810939 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Per the World Health Organization, 2% of all deaths in India are due to diabetes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/ind_en.pdf?ua=1|title=Diabetes country profiles - World Health Organization|website=who.int|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

The number of people with diabetes in India has increased from 26 million in 1990 to 65 million in 2016.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Tandon|first1=Nikhil|last2=Anjana|first2=Ranjit M.|last3=Mohan|first3=Viswanathan|last4=Kaur|first4=Tanvir|last5=Afshin|first5=Ashkan|last6=Ong|first6=Kanyin|last7=Mukhopadhyay|first7=Satinath|last8=Thomas|first8=Nihal|last9=Bhatia|first9=Eesh|last10=Krishnan|first10=Anand|last11=Mathur|first11=Prashant|date=2018-12-01|title=The increasing burden of diabetes and variations among the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016|url= |journal=The Lancet Global Health|language=en|volume=6|issue=12|pages=e1352–e1362|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30387-5|issn=2214-109X|pmid=30219315|pmc=6227383}}</ref> According to the 2019 National Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy Survey report released by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], the prevalence was found to be 11.8% in people over the age of 50.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/science/health/government-survey-found-11-8-prevalence-of-diabetes-in-india-11570702665713.html|title=Government survey found 11.8% prevalence of diabetes in India|last=Sharma|first=Neetu Chandra|date=2019-10-10|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> The prevalence of diabetes is 6.5% and prediabetes 5.7% among the adults below the age of 50 years, according to the DHS survey.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chandrupatla|first1=Siddardha Gowtam|last2=Khalid|first2=Isma|last3=Muthuluri|first3=Tejdeep|last4=Dantala|first4=Satyanarayana|last5=Tavares|first5=Mary|date=2020-09-18|title=Diabetes and prediabetes Prevalence Among Young and Middle Aged Adults, And Geographic Differences In India- National Family Health Survey|journal=Epidemiology and Health|volume=42 |article-number=e2020065|pmid=32972049| doi=10.4178/epih.e2020065|pmc=7871157 |issn=2092-7193|doi-access=free}}</ref> The prevalence was similar in both male (12%) and female (11.7%) populations. It was higher in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cadiresearch.org/topic/diabetes-indians/diabetes-in-india|title=Diabetes in India |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29|publisher=Cadi Research}}</ref> When surveyed for [[diabetic retinopathy]], which threatens [[Visual perception|eyesight]], 16.9% of the diabetic population aged up to 50 years were found to be affected. Per the report, diabetic retinopathy in the 60-69-years age group was 18.6%, in the 70-79-years age group it was 18.3%, and in those over 80 years of age it was 18.4%. A lower prevalence of 14.3% was observed in the 50-59-years age group.<ref name=":1" /> High prevalence of diabetes is reported in economically and epidemiologically advanced states such as [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], where many research institutes which conduct prevalence studies are also present.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Atre|first=Sachin|date=2019-04-01|title=The burden of diabetes in India|journal=The Lancet Global Health|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=e418|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30556-4|issn=2214-109X|pmid=30879507|doi-access=free}}</ref>

There are four sub-groups or [[Disease cluster|clusters]] of people with type 2 diabetes in India, two of which are unique to the country. These sub-groups have different risk levels of complications and might need different treatments.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-03-04 |title=New sub-groups of diabetes could lead to more targeted treatment for people in India |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/new-sub-groups-diabetes-targeted-treatment-india/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |language=en |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/alert_45105|s2cid=241327246 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anjana |first1=Ranjit Mohan |last2=Baskar |first2=Viswanathan |last3=Nair |first3=Anand Thakarakkattil Narayanan |last4=Jebarani |first4=Saravanan |last5=Siddiqui |first5=Moneeza Kalhan |last6=Pradeepa |first6=Rajendra |last7=Unnikrishnan |first7=Ranjit |last8=Palmer |first8=Colin |last9=Pearson |first9=Ewan |last10=Mohan |first10=Viswanathan |date=17 August 2020 |title=Novel subgroups of type 2 diabetes and their association with microvascular outcomes in an Asian Indian population: a data-driven cluster analysis: the INSPIRED study |journal=BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=e001506 |doi=10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001506 |issn=2052-4897 |pmc=7437708 |pmid=32816869}}</ref>

== Diabetes-related disease burden ==
Over the past three decades, the burden of diabetes in terms of deaths and [[Disability-adjusted life year]] (DALYs) has more than doubled in India. As per the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Data Visualizations, the recorded death rate and DALY rate of diabetes in 2019 were 19.64 per 100,000 and 919.02 per 100,000 population, respectively, including males and females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ihmeuw.org/5kfr|title=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation GBD compare data visualization|website=Healthdata.org|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref> The GBD explore risk assessment framework estimated that diabetes-related DALYs attributable to high risk for [[Stroke]], [[Coronary artery disease]], [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[Chronic kidney disease]], [[Diarrhoeal diseases]], [[Lower respiratory tract infection]], Dietary iron deficiency, and Neonatal disorders.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ihmeuw.org/5kgr|title=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation GBD compare data visualization|website=Healthdata.org|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref>

According to a survey conducted in 2016, the High [[body mass index]] (BMI) appeared to be the major risk factor contributing to 36% of diabetes DALYs. Besides, other risk factors, such as dietary risk, tobacco consumption, occupational exposure to passive smoke, low physical activity, and alcohol consumption, played a significant role as contributing risk factors.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Tandon|first1=Nikhil|last2=Anjana|first2=Ranjit M.|last3=Mohan|first3=Viswanathan|last4=Kaur|first4=Tanvir|last5=Afshin|first5=Ashkan|last6=Ong|first6=Kanyin|last7=Mukhopadhyay|first7=Satinath|last8=Thomas|first8=Nihal|last9=Bhatia|first9=Eesh|last10=Krishnan|first10=Anand|last11=Mathur|first11=Prashant|date=2018-12-01|title=The increasing burden of diabetes and variations among the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016|url= |journal=The Lancet Global Health|language=en|volume=6|issue=12|pages=e1352–e1362|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30387-5|issn=2214-109X|pmid=30219315|pmc=6227383}}</ref> [[File:Risk factors Diabetes.png|thumb|Percentage contribution of major risk factors to diabetes DALYs in India by gender]]

== Prevention ==
The majority of diabetes cases are of type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atre|first=Sachin|date=September 2015|title=Addressing policy needs for prevention and control of type 2 diabetes in India|journal=Perspectives in Public Health|volume=135|issue=5|pages=257–263|doi=10.1177/1757913914565197|issn=1757-9147|pmid=25585513|s2cid=32092695 }}</ref> In order to control diabetes in India, the [[Government of India]] initiated the National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS) in 2010.<ref name=":2" /> It aims to set up outreach camps for opportunistic screening at all levels in the health care delivery system for early detection of diabetes, among other illnesses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dghs.gov.in/content/1363_3_NationalProgrammePreventionControl.aspx|title=National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke|website=Directorate General Of Health Services|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

Preventing diabetes in the developing nations is valued highly because of the high cost of treating it. In India, it is estimated that a diabetic person spends a median of {{INRConvert|10000||lk=yes}} for medical treatment. Pragmatic, cost-effective strategies for primary prevention of diabetes is necessary. Studies using [[information technology]] were tested. In one such program, [[SMS]] was used to motivate people with [[Prediabetes|impaired glucose tolerance]] (IGT) to follow [[Lifestyle medicine|lifestyle modification]] (LSM). This was found to be effective with a relative risk reduction of 36% compared to the participants who had only standard care.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Ambady|last2=Snehalatha|first2=Chamukuttan|date=2014-05-01|title=Prevention of diabetes: How far have we gone?|journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=252–3|doi=10.4103/2230-8210.131112|issn=2230-8210|pmid=24944915|pmc=4056119 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Indian Diabetes Prevention Program ===
The Indian Diabetes Prevention Program is a three-year [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized control trial]] that employed LSM and [[metformin]] (Met) to prevent type 2 diabetes in subjects with IGT. It concluded that LSM and Met were cost-effective interventions for preventing diabetes among high-risk individuals in India and other developing countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 August 2007|title=Cost effectiveness of prevention of diabetes|url=https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/early/2007/08/01/dc07-0150.full.pdf|journal=Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme|page=13}}</ref>

=== National Diabetes Control Program ===
The National Diabetes Control Program was initiated in 1987 in some districts of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Karnataka]]. Its objectives included:<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Verma|first1=Ramesh|last2=Khanna|first2=Pardeep|last3=Mehta|first3=Bharti|date=2012-06-30|title=National programme on prevention and control of diabetes in India: Need to focus|journal=The Australasian Medical Journal|volume=5|issue=6|pages=310–315|doi=10.4066/AMJ.2012.1340|issn=1836-1935|pmc=3395295|pmid=22848329}}</ref>

* Identifying high-risk individuals
* Introducing [[health education]] for the purposes of [[Early childhood intervention|early intervention]]
* Aiming for early diagnosis and treatment of affected individuals
* Reducing morbidity and mortality in high-risk groups
* Preventing acute and chronic [[Metabolism|metabolic]], [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular]], [[Kidney|renal]], and [[Eye|ocular]] complications due to the disease
* Rehabilitating people who have been [[Disability|handicapped]] due to the disease

However, the program was not expanded to other states due to shortage of funds.<ref name=":5" />

== See also ==
* [[Health in India]]
*[[Tuberculosis in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Health in India}}

[[Category:Healthcare in India]]
[[Category:Diabetes]]
Dr.Dinesh Kacha /wiki/Outline_of_diabetes
Objective:- To Understand, Detect, Diagnose & Prevent Type 2 Diabetes To Understand The Root Cause of Type 2 Diabetes To Identify Insulin Resistance Mechanism Dr. Dinesh Kacha addresses the root cause of insulin resistance and lack of insulin, reversing diabetes through ayurvedic lifestyle & fixing the metabolic damage https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/_em_strong_Dr_Dinesh_Kacha_Presents_Diabetes_Reversal_Through_Ayurvedic_Lifestyle_strong_em_/23055494

Diabetes in India - Revision history

Axis at 22:32, 24 September 2025