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Digaro Mishmi language - Revision history
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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Digarish language spoken in India and China}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Digaro Mishmi<br />
|altname=Tawra<br />
|nativename=Taraon<br />
|states=[[India]], [[China]]<br />
|region=[[Arunachal]]<br />
|ethnicity=[[Mishmi people]]<br />
|speakers=35,000<br />
|date=2001 census<br />
|ref=e18<br />
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan<br />
|fam1=Possibly [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]<br />
|fam2=[[Greater Siangic languages|Greater Siangic]]?<br />
|fam3=[[Digaro languages|Digaro]]<br />
|iso3=mhu<br />
|glotto=diga1241<br />
|glottorefname=Tawra<br />
|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg<br />
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Taraon is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Digaro''', also '''Taraon''', '''Tawra''', or '''Darang''', is a [[Digaro languages|Digarish]] language of northeastern [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India and [[Zayü County]], Tibet, China.<br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
According to Jiang, et al. (2013:2), their autonym is ''{{IPA|tɑ31 rɑŋ53}}'' or ''{{IPA|da31 raŋ53}}'', and alternatively ''{{IPA|tɯŋ53}}'' (Deng 登, 僜) in China. The Kaman ([[Miju language|Miju]]) call them ''{{IPA|tɕi31 moŋ35}}'', the [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]] call them ''{{IPA|tɑ31 rɑŋ35}}'', and the [[Assamese language|Assamese]] call them ''Digaro Mishmi''.<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
===India===<br />
In [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India, Digaro Mishmi is spoken in [[Hayuliang]], [[Chaglagam|Changlagam]], and [[Goiliang]] circles in the [[Anjaw district|Amjaw district]] (''[[Ethnologue]]''). It is also spoken in [[Dibang Valley district]] and [[Assam]].<br />
<br />
===China===<br />
Jiang, et al. (2013:2) reports that in [[Zayü County]], Tibet, Taraon is spoken in the following villages.<br />
*E River watershed 额河流域<br />
**Jiyu village 吉玉村 (alternatively named Juyu 巨玉)<br />
**Ciba village 次巴村<br />
**Rusu village 如苏村<br />
**Demen village 德门村<br />
**Zigeng village 自更村<br />
**Xiani village 下尼村<br />
**Ba'antong 巴安通<br />
**Xin village 新村<br />
*Sang'ang River watershed 桑昂河流域<br />
**Gayao village 嘎尧村<br />
*Chayu River watershed 察隅河流域<br />
**Dongchong 洞冲, Lower Chayu town 下察隅镇<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ Consonant phonemes<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! ([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo]]-)[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|<br>palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA link|m}}<br />
| {{IPA link|n}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]<br />
! <small>voiceless</small><br />
| {{IPA link|p}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|k}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}<br />
|-<br />
! <small>aspirated</small><br />
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! <small>voiced</small><br />
| {{IPA link|b}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | [[Affricate]]<br />
! <small>voiceless</small><br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ts}}<br />
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! <small>aspirated</small><br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|tsʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|tɕʰ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! <small>voiced</small><br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|dz}}<br />
| {{IPA link|dʑ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|s}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɕ}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|h}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]<br />
| {{IPA link|w}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɹ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|j}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral approximant|Lateral]]<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|l}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ [[Monophthong]] phonemes<br />
! <br />
! [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! [[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| {{IPA link|i}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|u}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
| {{IPA link|e}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|o}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|a}}<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
* /ɨ/ may also be heard as [ɯ].<br />
* /a/ may also be heard as [ʌ] before /k/.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*Evans, Jonathan P.; Manyu, Johakso (2021). "The sounds of Tawrã (Digaru-Mishmi), a Tibeto-Burman language". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 44 (1): 1–26.<br />
*Jiang Huo [江获], Li Daqin [李大勤], Sun Hongkai [孙宏开]. 2013. ''A study of Taraon'' [达让语研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社]. {{ISBN|9787105129324}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*Blench, Roger. 2017. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/NEI/Mishmi/Tawra/Tawra%20Dictionary.pdf A dictionary of Tawrã, a language of Arunachal Pradesh]''.<br />
*{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Jonathan P.|last2=Manyu|first2=Johakso|title=The sounds of Tawrã (Digaru-Mishmi), a Tibeto-Burman language|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|volume=44|issue=1|year=2021|pages=1–26|issn=0731-3500|doi=10.1075/ltba.20013.eva}}<br />
*Chakravarty, L. N. (1963). ''A Dictionary of the Taraon Language''. NEFA.<br />
*Pulu, Jatan (1991). ''A Phrase Book on Taraon Language''. Arunachal Pradesh government.<br />
*Sastry, Garimella and Devi Prasada (1984). ''Mishmi Grammar''. CIIL.<br />
*Sastry, Garimella and Devi Prasada (1991). ''Mishmi-English-Hindi Dictionary''. CIIL.<br />
*{{cite book |last=Zong |first=Xiaozhe 宗晓哲 |date=2019 |title=Xizang Chayu Darang yu 西藏察隅达让语 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[The Commercial Press]] |oclc=1156796336}}<br />
<br />
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br />
{{Arunachal languages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Digaro languages]]<br />
[[Category:Mishmi languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>
Ajay Kumar