Ajay Kumar at 12:59, 27 August 2023

2023-08-27T12:59:53Z

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{{short description|Takeover of a self-governing territory by an external power}}

In [[political science]], '''direct rule''' is when an [[Empire|imperial]] or [[Central government|central]] power takes direct control over the [[legislature]], [[Executive (government)|executive]] and [[civil administration]] of an otherwise largely self-governing territory.

==Examples==
===Chechnya===
{{main article|Direct rule over Chechnya}}
In 1991, Chechen separatists declared independence of unrecognised [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]]. Russian military forces invaded in [[First Chechen War|1994]] and again in [[Second Chechen War|1999]] in response to the [[War of Dagestan|Invasion of Militants in Dagestan]]. By early 2000, Russia almost completely destroyed [[Grozny]] and put Chechnya under direct control of Moscow. The Russian government declared that the conflict ended in 2002<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chechen peace amid gunfire|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/12/21/chechnya.life.otsc/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=21 December 2002|access-date=31 October 2017 }}</ref> but operations continued until 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8001495.stm|title=Russia 'ends Chechnya operation'|date=16 April 2009|access-date=31 October 2017|work=BBC News}}</ref>

===India===

Under the [[British Raj]], India was a [[Member states of the League of Nations#10 January 1920: founding members|founding member]] of the [[League of Nations]], a participating nation in the [[India at the Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900]], [[India at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920]], [[India at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], [[India at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932]], and [[India at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936]], and a [[Member states of the United Nations|founding member]] of the [[United Nations]] in [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|San Francisco in 1945]].

This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Company rule in India|rule]] of the British [[East India Company]] was transferred to the Crown in the person of [[Queen Victoria]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaul|first=Chandrika|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|access-date=3 March 2011}}</ref> (who, in 1876, was proclaimed [[Emperor of India|Empress of India]]). It lasted until 1947, when Britain′s Indian Empire was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into two sovereign [[dominion]] states: the [[Dominion of India]] (later the [[India|Republic of India]]) and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (later the [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]], the eastern part of which, still later, became the [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]]). At the inception of the Raj in 1858, [[Lower Burma]] was already a part of British India; [[Upper Burma]] was added in 1886, and the resulting union, [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948.

====President's rule====
{{main article|President's rule}}
In the [[Republic of India]], "[[President's rule]]" refers to the imposition of Article 356 of the [[Constitution of India]] on a [[States of India|state]] whose constitutional body has failed. In the event that a [[State governments of India|state government]] is unable to function, the Constitution provides for the state to come under the direct control of the [[Government of India|central government]]. In other words, it is "under the President's rule". Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointed [[Governors of states of India|governor]], who has the authority to appoint retired civil servants or other administrators to assist him.

When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly ([[Vidhan Sabha]]). The council is led by the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]], who is the ''de facto'' chief executive of the state; the Governor is only a ''de jure'' constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the [[Vidhan Sabha]] is either [[:wikt:prorogued|prorogued]] or [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolved]], necessitating a fresh election.

Similarly, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, failure of governmental function results in "Governor's rule", imposed by invoking Section 92 of the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The state’s governor issues the proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the [[President of India]]. If it is not possible to revoke Governor's rule within six months of imposition, the President's Rule under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution is imposed. There is little practical difference between the two provisions.

Following its landmark judgment in the 1994 [[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India|''Bommai'' case]], the [[Supreme Court of India]] has restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule.

Chhattisgarh and Telangana are the only states where President's rule has yet to be imposed. However, while Telangana was part of Andhra Pradesh, it was under President's rule.

===Indochina===
{{main article|Direct rule over Indochina}}
French administration in [[Indochina]] began on June 5, 1862. Following the defeat of [[Vietnam]]ese, the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|Treaty of Saigon]] ceded [[Cochinchina]]'s three eastern provinces. Later, the French forced Emperor [[Tự Đức]] to place [[French Cambodia|Cambodia]] under French protection. On June 18, 1867, the French seized the rest of Cochinchina and conquered the [[Mekong Delta]] and later [[Hanoi]]. By 1897, France controlled all of Indochina.

Officially, each of the provinces – Cambodia, [[French Laos|Laos]], [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]], [[Tonkin]], Cochinchina and [[Kouang-Tchéou-Wan]] – had different legal statuses. In practice, however, all were ruled directly. The French adopted a policy of assimilation rather than association. The [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of Rights of Man]] was based on the principle of egalité, liberté and fraternité for all subjects and citizens of France, and the colonies could not be an exception. [[French language]] was to be the language of administration. The whole Indochina would be “[[Francization|Frenchized]]”. The [[Napoleonic Code]] was introduced in 1879 into the five provinces, sweeping away the [[Confucianism]] that has existed for centuries in Indochina.

===Spain===
{{main article|Direct rule over Catalonia}}
In 2017, the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] unilaterally [[2017 Catalonia declaration of independence|declared independence]] from Spain amid a [[2017 Spanish constitutional crisis|constitutional crisis]] over the result of the [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|independence referendum]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2017 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia-independence/catalan-parliament-declares-independence-from-spain-idUSKBN1CW1WO |title=Catalan parliament declares independence from Spain |work=Reuters |access-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> The [[Senate of Spain|Spanish Senate]] triggered Article 155 of the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41780116|title=Catalans declare independence from Spain|date=27 October 2017|publisher=BBC News|access-date=31 October 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> and Prime Minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] dismissed the [[Executive Council of Catalonia]], dissolving the Parliament of Catalonia.

===United Kingdom===
{{main article|Direct rule (Northern Ireland)}}

The [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] has granted powers to the [[Scottish Parliament]], the [[Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament|Senedd]], the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] and the [[London Assembly]] and to their associated executive bodies. This [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution]] may be suspended and replaced by direct rule by the [[Government of the United Kingdom]].

Direct rule occurred in Northern Ireland from 1972 to 1998 during [[the Troubles]], and for shorter periods between then and 2007. Major policy was determined by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government's]] [[Northern Ireland Office]], under the direction of the [[Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]. Legislation was introduced, amended, or repealed by means of [[List of Orders in Council for Northern Ireland|Order in Council]]. Everyday matters were handled by government departments within Northern Ireland itself, and Northern Ireland continued to elect [[member of parliament|members of parliament]] to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].

===Elsewhere===
{{main article|Direct colonial rule}}
[[Direct colonial rule]] was a form of [[colonialism]] that involves the establishment of a centralized foreign authority within a territory, which is run by colonial officials. The native population may be excluded from all but the lowest level of the colonial government.

==Alternatives==
{{main article|Indirect rule}}
[[Indirect rule]] is a system of government used by the [[British Empire|British]] and [[French colonial empire|French]] to control parts of their [[colonial empire]]s, particularly in [[Colonisation of Africa|Africa]] and [[Western imperialism in Asia|Asia]], through pre-existing local power structures. These dependencies were often called "protectorates" or "trucial states". By this system, the day-to-day government and administration of areas both small and large was left in the hands of traditional rulers, who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by the [[Pax Britannica]], at the cost of losing control of their external affairs, and often of taxation, communications, and other matters, usually with a small number of European "advisors" effectively overseeing the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas.<ref>The [[American Historical Association]]. "ENGLAND'S INDIRECT RULE IN ITS AFRICAN COLONIES" in THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY: BIAFRA, NIGERIA, THE WEST AND THE WORLD. AHA teaching guide, historians.org, n.d. Accessed 2017-10-31 http://www.historians.org/tl/lessonplans/nc/trask/indirect.htm</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Broad-concept articles]]
[[Category:Power (international relations)]]
[[Category:Autonomous administrative divisions]]
[[Category:Self-governance]]

Direct rule - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 12:59, 27 August 2023