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{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Duladeo Temple Khajuraho<br />
| image = Khajuraho_Dulhadeo_2010.jpg<br />
| alt = Duladeo Temple at Khajuraho<br />
| caption = Duladeo Temple at Khajuraho<br />
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh<br />
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24|51|11|N|79|55|10|E|type:landmark_region:IN-MP_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}}<br />
| native_name = दुलादेव मंदिर<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chattarpur]], [[Khajuraho]]<ref name="ASI">{{cite web|title=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) – DulaDeo Temple|url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_duladeotemple.html|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)|access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref><br />
| location = [[Khajuraho]]<ref name="ASI" /><br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = [[Shiva]]<ref name="ASI" /><br />
| festivals = <br />
| architecture = <br />
| temple_quantity = 1<br />
| monument_quantity = <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| year_completed = Circa A.D. 1000–1150.<ref name="ASI" /><br />
| creator = [[Chandella]] Rulers<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Duladeo Temple''' (Devanagri: दुलादेव मंदिर) is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Khajuraho]], [[Madhya Pradesh, India]]. The temple is dedicated to the god [[Shiva]] in the form of a [[linga]], which is deified in the sanctum.<ref name="ASI"/>{{sfn|Pacaurī|1989|p=35}} 'Dulodeo' means "Holy Bridegroom".{{sfn|Kramrisch|1976|p=365}} The temple is also known as "Kunwar Math".<ref name="ASI"/> The temple faces east and is dated to 1000–1150 AD.<ref name="ASI"/> It is the last of the temples built during the [[Chandela|Chandela period]]. The temple is laid in the seven chariot plan (''saptarata'').{{sfn|Shah|1988|p=56}} The figurines carved in the temple have soft expressive features unlike other temples. The walls have a display of carved celestial dancers (''[[apsara]]'') in erotic postures and other figures.{{sfn|Pacaurī|1989|p=32}}{{sfn|Gajrani|2004|p=88}} As part of the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]], the temple was inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1986.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web|title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 25 June 2023}}</ref><br />
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==Location==<br />
The temple is located on the bank of the [[Khodar River]] in the southern group of the Khajuraho Group of temples in Khajuraho village in an area spread over {{Convert|6|km2}}. It is {{Convert|5|km}} away from the Khajuraho village close to the [[Jain]] enclosure.{{sfn|Kumar|2003|p=114}}<ref name="ASI"/> The approach road is rough.{{sfn|Sajnani|2001|p=201}}<br />
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==History==<br />
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|left|thumb|A 19th century artist's depiction of king [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] visit to the temple in the 11th century CE]]<br />
Duladeo Temple is one of the 22 temples to the Hindu god Shiva, which are among the 87 temples that were created by the Chandela rulers of Central India. The peak period of building activity was from 950 to 1050 AD in the small village of Khajuraho. The temples belong to the traditional religions of [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]]. They are identified under three groups or three zones - the western zone, the eastern zone and the southern zone. [[Ibn Batuta]], the [[Moroccan people|Moroccan]] traveller had attested to the existence of these temples even in 1335. The temples in the southern group are the Duladeo and [[Chaturbhuj Temple (Khajuraho)|Chaturbhuj]]s. All the extant temples were inscribed in 1986 under the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites under Criterion III for its artistic creation and under Criterion V for the culture of the Chandellas that was popular till the country was invaded by [[Muslims]] in 1202.<ref name=Advisory>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/240.pdf|title= Evaluation Report:World Heritage List No 240 |access-date=5 November 2013|publisher=UNESCO Organization}}</ref> It is also said that Madanaverman (1128–1165) of the Chandela dynasty built this temple during his reign.{{sfn|Sullere|2004|p=26}}<br />
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The sculptures in the temple have strong identity with those found among the remnants of a temple in [[Jamsor]] near [[Kanpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. From this similarity it has been inferred that the sculpturing at both locations were the handiwork of the same sculptors and further that they were created during the period from 1060 to 1100, during the reign of [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]].<ref name =Sculpture>{{cite book|title=Indian Sculpture: 700-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fvKVDxcJoUC&pg=PA115|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06477-5|page=115–}}</ref> However, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has inferred the period of temple building activity in Khajuraho from 950 to 1150 AD based on [[palaeography]] and the architectural style.<ref name="ASI"/><br />
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From the name Vasala inscribed at a number of locations in the temple, it is inferred that the name is of the chief sculptor who created the sculptures.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1976|p=377}}<br />
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==Architecture==<br />
[[File:Khajuraho India, DulaDeo Temple, Sculpture Outer Wall - Photographed 10-March-2012.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Sculpture of Shiva on the outer wall .]] <br />
[[File:Khajuraho India, DulaDeo Temple, Nandi and other Sculptures Outer Wall- Photographed 10-March-2012.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Nandi, devas and erotic sculptures on the external walls]]<br />
The temple is categorized as a ''nirandhara'' temple. ''Nirandhara'' means a layout without the ambulatory path<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/khajuraho_desai.pdf|title=The Religious Imagery of Kajuraho|page=178|access-date=11 November 2013|publisher=Columbia Education|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114145/http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/khajuraho_desai.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> consisting of a sanctum without an ambulatory, a vestibule, main hall (''maha-mandapa''), and an entrance porch.<ref name="ASI"/> The layout of the temple does not have a circumambulatory passage which is probably due to the fact that it was the last of the temples built in the 12th century during the reign of Chandelas, when the peak period of their construction phase had already passed.{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=309}} The temple pinnacle (''[[Sikhara|shikhara]]'') is created in three rows of minor ''shikharas''.<ref name="ASI"/> Its features are in general conformity with those adopted for the other temples in the Khajuraho complex. The classification according to the physical characteristics of the monuments consists of a raised base, which is a sub structure over which the richly decorated structure rises and is covered with rich sculptures.<ref name=Unesco>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240/ |title=World Heritage Centre (UNESCO) – 240 – Khajuraho Group of Monuments|access-date=5 November 2013|publisher=UNESCO Organization}}</ref> The architectural style is [[Hindu temple architecture#Nagara (नागर) architecture|Nagara]], representing [[Mount Kailash]], the abode of Shiva.<ref name=Unesco/><br />
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The main hall in the temple is very large and octagonal in shape. Its ceiling has elegantly carved celestial dancers (''[[apsaras]]''). There are twenty such brackets carved with the apsaras, with two or three apsaras next to each other in each bracket, and arranged in the ceiling in a [[corbelled]] circle.<ref name="ASI"/> The damsels dancing around trees, and women in erotic poses are also part of the temple architecture. It is said to be the "last glow of Khajuraho's architectural and sculptural mastery".{{sfn|Kumar|2003|p=114}} The top rows in the facade have sculptures of supernatural beings (''[[vidyadhara]]'') in a vibrant mode. In the porch entrance, there are sculptures of river-goddesses under cover of umbrellas and decorations of [[pompons]].<ref name="ASI"/><br />
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A striking sculpture is of a profile carving of a celestial dancer in the inner passage of the temple hemmed between buttresses, which has decoration of a necklace with hands poised as if to throw a dice.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1976|p=381}} Another similarity noted between the ruins of Jamsor temple and Duladeo is the canopy of sculptures of mango trees and fruits, which are symbols of fertility. The figurines set with in these trees project out and have well finished front face but exhibit "double chin and sharply arched eyebrows". These are all richly decorated with ornaments.<ref name =Sculpture/> Also notable are a carving of a flying god (''[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]''), which is decorated with a long rectangular shaped necklace. There is also a carving of the trinity of [[Surya]], [[Brahma]] and [[Shiva]].{{sfn|Gangoly|1957|p=23}}<br />
[[File:TEMPLE MAP OF KHAJURAHO.jpg|thumb|Khajuraho Temple Map|244x244px]]<br />
A figure of Shiva is carved on the lintel at the entrance to the sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]''). The central icon of the ''linga'' in the sanctum is not the original but a duplicate, as the original is untraced.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=198}} Worship is offered at the temple by the local people. A unique feature of the depictions on the linga is that it has 999 more lingas carved all around its surface. Its religious significance is that going round the linga would amount to taking of [[pradakshina|circumambulation]] a 1,000 times around it.{{sfn|Knapp|2009|p=109}}<br />
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The architecture copies the old style as it was built at the end of the Chandela period, and hence the sculptures are stated to be "wooden" and "stereotyped" compared with other earlier temples in the complex.{{sfn|Sajnani|2001|p=201}} However, the elegance and grace of the figurines of women are more like "pin-ups" and there are also few figurines in the erotic poses of couples engrossed in love (''[[mithuna]]'').{{sfn|Sajnani|2001|p=201}}<br />
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By the time the British arrived, the temple was in a state of disrepair and partly ruined. The ''shikara'' was restored as were the side walls and columns. The restored parts are discernible in the lighter colour of the sandstone, and that they are not carved and devoid of any sculptures or decoration.<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="160px" heights="150px"><br />
File:Khajuraho India, DulaDeo Temple 01 - Photographed 10-March-2012.JPG|Closer view of the restored pinnacle and walls<br />
Image:Khajuraho India, DulaDeo Temple, Sculptures Outer Wall 01 - Photographed 10-March-2012.JPG|Various sculptures depicting Nandi and Shiva<br />
Image:Khajuraho India, DulaDeo Temple, Sculptures Outer Wall 03 - Photographed 10-March-2012.JPG|Various sculptures depicting Shiva and Parvati<br />
Image:DULHA DEO TEMPLE CANON IMG 9176.jpg|Southern Facade, Top Band of Images Shiva Parvati<br />
Image:DULHADEO TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE.jpg|Architecture of Dulhadeo Temple<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Jain temples of Khajuraho]]<br />
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==References==<br />
;Notes<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
;Bibliography<br />
*{{cite book|last= Gangoly |first=Ordhendra Coomar |title=The Art of the Chandelas|work=snippets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leBOAAAAYAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Rupa}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Gajrani |first=S. |title=History, Religion and Culture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T02CC0ihCmcC&pg=PA88|year=2004|publisher=Isha Books|isbn=978-81-8205-064-8}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Knapp |first=Stephen |title=Spiritual India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&pg=PT109|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-024-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Kuiper |first=Kathleen |title=The Culture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC&pg=PA309|date=15 August 2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-149-2}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Kumar |first=Brajesh |title=Pilgrimage Centres of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqei_Wo1qXwC&pg=PA114|year=2003|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-185-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Kramrisch |first=Stella |title=The Hindu Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC&pg=PA377|year=1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Mitra |first=Sisirkumar |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA198|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1997-9}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=Lakshmīnārāyaṇa|last= Pacaurī|title=The Erotic Sculpture of Khajuraho|work=snippets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewbWAAAAMAAJ&q=+Duladeo|year=1989|publisher=Naya Prokash|isbn=978-81-85109-79-4}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Sajnani |first=Manohar |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&pg=PA201|year=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|isbn=978-81-7835-017-2}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Shah |first=Kirit K. |title=Ancient Bundelkhand: Religious History in Socio-economic Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtD_Wo7Iq58C&pg=PA56|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Gian Books|isbn=978-81-212-0189-6}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Sullere |first=Suśīla Kumāra |title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA26|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline|DulhaDeo Temple Khajuraho}}<br />
* [https://whc.unesco.org/download.cfm?id_document=103388 Site Plan. The Temples of Khajuraho. Southern Group; Temple of Duladeo] – UNESCO.org<br />
<br />
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}<br />
{{Khajuraho Group of Monuments}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Khajuraho]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]</div>SamantBrara