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{{Short description|1747–1856 dynasty of the Durrani Empire}}
{{About|the ruling dynasty|Empire |Durrani Empire}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{stack|clear=right|{{Infobox royal house
| surname = Durrani Dynasty <br /> د درانيانو کورنۍ
| estate = Afghanistan
| origin = [[Durrani Empire]]
| parent house = [[Durrani]]
| dissolution = 28 April 1856
| other_families = [[Timurid dynasty]] ''{{small|(Family In "Laws")}}''
| final_ruler = [[Sultan Shahpur Durrani]] ([[Durrani Empire|Empire]])<br> [[Mohammad-Yusuf Mirza Durrani]] ([[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]])
| traditions = [[Sunni Islam]]
| coat of arms =
| caption =
| titles = [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Shah]] <br /> Pearl of Pearls{{efn|{{langx|prs|در دران|Durr-i Durrān|label=[[Classical Persian|Persian]]}}, {{IPA|prs|ˈdurːi durˈraːn|pron}}}}
| current head =
| founder = [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| founding year = July 1747
}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Durranis
| image = <gallery heights=150 mode=packed>
File:Temur-Shah.jpg
| [[Timur Shah Durrani]] (1746 – 18 May 1793) was the second ruler of the [[Durrani Empire]], from 4 June 1772 until his death in 1793
File:Shah-Zaman-Khan.jpg
| [[Zaman Shah Durrani]], (c. 1770–1844) was ruler of the [[Durrani Empire]] from 1793 until 1800. He was the grandson of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and the fifth son of [[Timur Shah Durrani]]. An ethnic [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] like the rest of his family and Durrani rulers, Zaman Shah became the third [[Afghanistan|King of Afghanistan]].
File:Shah-Shuja-ul-Mulk.png
| '''Shuja Shah Durrani''' (also known as ''Shāh Shujāʻ'', ''Shah Shujah'', ''Shoja Shah'', ''Shujah al-Mulk'') (c. 4 November 1785 – 5 April 1842) was ruler of the [[Durrani Empire]] from 1803 to 1809. He then ruled from 1839 until his death in 1842. Shuja Shah was of the [[Popalzai]] line of the [[Durrani|Abdali]] group of [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]]. He became the fifth [[List of leaders of Afghanistan|Emir of Afghanistan]].<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] – [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067071/Shah-Shoja Shah Shoja]</ref>
</gallery>
| population = 10 million+
| popplace = [[Afghanistan]]
| langs = [[Pashto]] (primary)<br>[[Persian language|Persian]] (bureaucracy)
| rels = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
{{History of Afghanistan}}
{{History of India}}}}

The '''Durrani dynasty''',{{efn|{{ublist|{{langx|ps|د درانيانو کورنۍ|Də Durānyānyo koranəy}}, {{IPA|ps|də dʊrɑnˈjɑnjo korɐˈnəɪ|pron}}|{{langx|prs|{{nq|سلسله درانیان}}|Silsila-yi Durrāniyān|label=[[Classical Persian|Persian]]}}, {{small|cyrillized:}} {{lang|tg|Силсилаи Дуррониён}}, {{IPA|prs|silsiˈlaji durˌraːniˈjaːn|pron}}}}}} also called the '''Sadozai dynasty''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kzjj_LSlxO8C&pg=PA108 |title=The A to Z of Afghan Wars, Revolutions and Insurgencies |date=2010-04-07 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=978-1-4617-3189-4 |language=en |author-link=Ludwig W. Adamec}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sykes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXAABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 |title=History of Afghanistan |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-84587-4 |language=en}}</ref> was founded in 1747 by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] at [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]. He united all [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribes and created the [[Durrani Empire]].<ref>Jonathan L. Lee "Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present", pp. 124, 132, 134.</ref> which at its peak included the modern-day Afghanistan, [[Pakistan]], as well as some parts of northeastern [[Iran]], eastern [[Turkmenistan]], and northwestern [[India]], including the [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&q=durrani+capture+kashmir&pg=PA43 |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |location= |pages=43, 44 |language=en |author-link=Christopher Snedden}}</ref> The [[Durrani]]s were replaced by the [[Barakzai dynasty]] in 1823.

Ahmad Shah and his descendants were from the Sadozai subclan of [[Popalzai]] line of the Durranis (formerly known as ''Abdalis''), making them the second Pashtun rulers of Kandahar after the [[Hotak dynasty]].<ref name="LoC" /> The Durranis were notable in the second half of the 18th century mainly due to the leadership of Ahmad Shah Durrani.<ref name="EB" />

==History==
{{stack|[[File:Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg|thumb|upright|Ahmad Shah Durrani founder of Durrani dynasty]] }}
{{Main|Ahmad Shah Durrani}}

[[Nader Shah]]'s rule ended in June 1747 after being murdered by his [[Persian people|Persian]] soldiers.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Afghans |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |year=2003 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-19841-3 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC |access-date=2010-08-25 |author-link=Willem Vogelsang}}</ref> In July 1747, when the chiefs of the Afghans met at a [[loya jirga]] (grand council) in Kandahar to select a new ruler for the Abdali confederation, the young 25-year-old Ahmad Khan was chosen. Despite being younger than other claimants, Ahmad Khan had several overriding factors in his favour:
* He was a direct descendant of Asadullah Khan, patriarch of the Sadozai clan, the most prominent tribe amongst the Pashtun people at the time;
* He was unquestionably a charismatic leader and seasoned warrior who had at his disposal a trained, mobile force of 4,000 loyal [[cavalrymen]];<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/21396/The-Durrani-dynasty |title=The Durrani dynasty |access-date=2010-08-25 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2010}}</ref>
* Not least, he possessed a substantial part of Nadir Shah's treasury, including the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond.
One of Ahmad Khan's first acts as chief was to adopt the title ''[[Padshah]] durr-i durrān'' (King, "pearl of the age"<ref>{{cite book |title=The Afghans |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |year=2003 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-19841-3 |page=229 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC |access-date=2010-08-25 |author-link=Willem Vogelsang}}</ref> or "pearl of pearls").<ref name="EB" /> The name may have been suggested, as some claim, from a dream, or as others claim, from the pearl earrings worn by the royal guard of Nadir Shah. The Abdali Pashtuns were known thereafter as the Durrani, and the name of the Abdali confederation was changed to Durrani.

Ahmad Shah began his campaign by capturing [[Ghazni]] from the [[Ghilji]] Pashtuns, and wresting [[Kabul]] and [[Peshawar]] from Mughal-appointed governor Nasir Khan, conquering the area up to the [[Indus River]] in 1747. In 1749, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] ruler was induced to cede [[Sindh Province|Sindh]], the [[Punjab region]] and the important trans [[Indus River]] to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from Afghan attack. Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad Shah turned westward to take possession of [[Herat Province|Herat]], which was ruled by Nader Shah's grandson, [[Shahrukh Afshar|Shah Rukh of Persia]]. Herat fell to Ahmad after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict, as did [[Mashad]] (in present-day Iran). Ahmad Shah next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains. In short order, the powerful army brought under its control the [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]], [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]], [[Tajik people|Tajik]] and [[Hazara people|Hazara]] tribes of northern Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Punjab and Kashmir regions. Then, early in 1757, he sacked [[Delhi]], but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left [[Hindustan]] (India) to return to Afghanistan.

Alarmed by the expansion of China's [[Qing Dynasty]] up to the western border of Kazakhstan, Ahmad Shah attempted to rally neighbouring Muslim khanates and the Kazakhs to unite and attack China, ostensibly to liberate its western Muslim subjects.<ref>{{cite book |title=Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877 |last1=Kim |first1=Ho-dong |year=2004 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4884-1 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref> Ahmad Shah halted trade with Qing China and dispatched troops to [[Kokand]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Empire and the Khanate: a political history of Qing relations with Khoqand c. 1760–1860 |last1=Newby |first1=Laura J. |year=2005 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-14550-4 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref> However, with his campaigns in India exhausting the state treasury, and with his troops stretched thin throughout Central Asia, Ahmad Shah lacked sufficient resources to do anything except to send envoys to Beijing for unsuccessful talks.

===Rise===
{{Main|Durrani Empire}}

{{stack|[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|thumb|[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and his coalition decisively defeat the [[Maratha Confederacy]], during the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and restore the [[Mughal Empire]] to [[Shah Alam II]].<ref>[[S. M. Ikram]] (1964). "XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707–1803". In [[Ainslie T. Embree]]. Muslim Civilization in India. New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved 5 November 2011.</ref>]]}}
The Mughal power in northern India had been declining since the reign of [[Aurangzeb]], who died in 1707; In 1751–52, ''Ahamdiya'' treaty was signed between the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] and [[Mughals]], when [[Balaji Bajirao]] was the [[Peshwa]].<ref name="Panipat">Patil, Vishwas. ''Panipat''.</ref> Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their capital at [[Pune]] and Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (the Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the northwest of India. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent [[Raghunathrao]]. He defeated the Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule.<ref name="K.RoyIHB">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |year=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8}}</ref>

[[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] declared a war against the Marathas, and warriors from various Pashtun tribes and 25,000 [[Baloch people|Baloch]] warriors joined his army under the command of [[Khan of Kalat]] Mir [[Noori Naseer Khan Baloch]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uob.edu.pk/journals/TREATY%20OF%20KALAT%201758%20BETWEEN%20QANDHAR%20AND%20KALAT%20AND%20ITS%20IMPACTS.pdf |title=Treaty of Kalat between Balochistan and Afghanistan in 1758 |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032403/http://www.uob.edu.pk/journals/TREATY%20OF%20KALAT%201758%20BETWEEN%20QANDHAR%20AND%20KALAT%20AND%20ITS%20IMPACTS.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Early skirmishes were followed by victory for the [[Afghans]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau. Once again, [[Panipat]] was the scene of a confrontation between two warring contenders for control of [[northern India]]. The [[Third Battle of Panipat]] (January 1761), fought between largely Muslim and largely [[Hinduism|Hindu]] armies was waged along a twelve-kilometre front. Despite decisively defeating the Marathas, what might have been Ahmad Shah's peaceful control of his domains was disrupted by many challenges. As far as losses are concerned, Afghans too suffered heavily in the Third Battle of Panipat. This weakened his grasp over Punjab which fell to the rising [[Sikh]] [[misls]]. There were rebellions in the north in the region of [[Bukhara]].

The victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah. The Durrani was the second largest Islamic empire in the world, behind the [[Ottoman Empire]] at that time.<ref>"[http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=afgan_search_unit Afghanistan and the Search for Unity]" [[Bijan Omrani|Omrani, Bijan]], published in ''Asian Affairs'', Volume 38, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 145–157.</ref> However, even prior to his death, the empire began to unravel. In 1762, Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from Afghanistan for the sixth time to subdue the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]]. He assaulted Lahore and, after taking their holy city of [[Amritsar]], massacred thousands of Sikh inhabitants, destroying their revered [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]]. Within two years, the Sikhs rebelled again and rebuilt their holy city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah tried several more times to subjugate the Sikhs permanently, but failed.

In early 1771, ten years after the collapse of Maratha supremacy in north India in the Third Battle of Panipat, [[Marathas]] under [[Mahadji Shinde]] recaptured Delhi and restored the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] to the throne in 1772. Ahmad Shah also faced other rebellions in the north, and eventually he and the Uzbek Emir of [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] agreed that the Amu Darya would mark the division of their lands. Ahmad Shah retired to his home in the mountains east of Kandahar, where he died on 14 April 1773.<ref>{{cite book |title=Inside Afghanistan: end of the Taliban era? |last1=Reddy |first1=L. R |year=2002 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-319-3 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref> He had succeeded to a remarkable degree in balancing tribal alliances and hostilities, and in directing tribal energies away from rebellion. He earned recognition as Ahmad Shah Baba, or "[[Father of the Nation|Father of Afghanistan]]."<ref name="LoC">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0010) |title=Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan |year=1997}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan |last1=Ganḍā |first1=Singh |orig-year=1959 |publisher=Asia Pub. House |isbn=978-1-4021-7278-6 |page=457 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_A8AAAAMAAJ |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref>

By the time of Ahmad Shah's ascendancy, the Pashtuns included many groups whose origins were obscure; They had in common, however, their [[Pashto language]]. To the east, the [[Wazir (Tribe)|Waziris]] and their close relatives, the [[Mahsud|Maseed]], had lived in the hills of the central [[Sulaiman Mountains]] since the 14th century. By the end of the 16th century and the final [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasions, tribes such as the [[Shinwari]], [[Yusufzai]], and [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]] had moved from the upper [[Kabul River]] Valley into the valleys and plains west, north, and northeast of [[Peshawar]]. The Afridi had long been established in the hills and mountain ranges south of the [[Khyber Pass]]. By the end of the 18th century, the Durranis had blanketed the area west and north of [[Kandahar Province]].<ref name="LoC" />

==List of rulers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:12em" | Name of [[Emir|Amir]]
! style="width:8em" | Reign
! Notes
|-
| [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| 1747–1772
| Born as ''Ahmad Khan'' c. 1722 to Zaman Khan Abdali, who was [[list of governors of Herat|Governor of Herat Province]] and chief of the [[Durrani|Abdali]].<ref name="Mehta">{{Cite book |title=Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813 |last1=Mehta |first1=J. L. |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |page=247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA247 |access-date=2010-09-23 |author-link=Jarava Lal Mehta}}</ref> During the war between [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] and the Afghans, his father and grandfather were both killed in a battle, and the young Ahmad Khan fled south to take refuge in [[Old Kandahar|Kandahar]] with the [[Ghilji]]s.<ref>Fall of the Mughal Empire, Volume 1, by Sir [[Jadunath Sarkar]] (1964), p. 124</ref> During his teenage years, Ahmad Khan and his elder brother, Zulfikar Khan, were imprisoned by [[Hussain Hotaki]], the last Ghilji ruler of the [[Hotaki dynasty]]. In 1738, during the [[Siege of Kandahar]], Ahmad Khan was released by [[Nader Shah]] of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] and made to lead 4,000 Abdali soldiers. This was due to Ahmad Khan's family background and the fact that he and Nader Shah were both from the historical Khorasan region.
|-
| Sulayman Mirza
| 1772
| Following the death of Sulayman's father, Ahmad Shah Durrani, the empire faced a period of succession crisis between himself and his brother, Timur Shah Durrani. Sulayman Mirza was later defeated in 1772, allowing for Timur Shah to be crowned in November 1772.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-78914-010-1 |pages=143-145}}</ref>
|-
| [[Timur Shah Durrani]]
| November 1772–1793
| Timur Shah spent most of his reign fighting off civil war and consolidating the territories that were chipping away from the empire such as the [[Punjab]]. He reestablished rule in Multan and halted [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukharan]] expansion into northern Afghanistan. Upon his death in 1793, he had 23 sons, leading to a succession crisis.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=155}}
|-
| [[Zaman Shah Durrani]]
| 1793–1801
| After the death of Timur Shah, three of his sons, the governors of Kandahar Humayun (not to be confused with the brother of Timur Shah), Herat (Mahmud Shah Durrani), and Kabul (Zaman Shah Durrani), contended for the succession. [[Zaman Shah]], governor of Kabul, held the field by virtue of being in control of the capital, and became shah at the age of twenty-three. Many of his half-brothers were imprisoned on their arrival in the capital for the purpose, ironically, of electing a new shah. The quarrels among Timur's descendants that threw Afghanistan into turmoil also provided the pretext for the intervention of outside forces.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=158}}

The efforts of the Sadozai heirs of Timur to impose a true monarchy on the truculent Pashtun tribes, and their efforts to rule absolutely and without the advice of the other major Pashtun tribal leaders, were ultimately unsuccessful. The [[Sikhs]] became particularly troublesome, and after several unsuccessful efforts to subdue them, Zaman Shah made the mistake of appointing a forceful young Sikh chief, [[Ranjit Singh]], as his governor of [[Lahore]]. This "one-eyed" warrior would later become an implacable enemy of Pashtun rulers in Afghanistan.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=161}}

Zaman's downfall was triggered by his attempts to consolidate power. Although it had been through the support of the Barakzai chief, Painda Khan Barakzai, that he had come to the throne, Zaman soon began to remove prominent Barakzai leaders from positions of power and replace them with men of his own lineage, the Sadozai. This upset the delicate balance of Durrani tribal politics that Ahmad Shah had established and may have prompted Painda Khan and other Durrani chiefs to plot against the shah. Painda Khan and the chiefs of the [[Nurzai]] and the [[Alizai tribe|Alizai]] Durrani clans were executed, as was the chief of the [[Qizilbash]] clan. Painda Khan's son fled to Iran and pledged the substantial support of his Barakzai followers to a rival claimant to the throne, Zaman's older brother, [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah]]. The clans of the chiefs Zaman had executed joined forces with the rebels, and they took Kandahar without bloodshed, they then marched on to Kabul, deposing Zaman Shah.{{sfn|Lee|2019|pp=162-163}}
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]]
| 1801–1803
| Zaman Shah's overthrow in 1801 was not the end of civil strife in Afghanistan, but the beginning of even greater violence. Mahmud Shah's first reign lasted for only two years before he was replaced by Shuja Shah.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=166}}
|-
| [[Shuja Shah Durrani]]
| 1803–1809
| Yet another of Timur Shah's sons, Shuja Shah (or Shah Shuja), ruled for only six years. On 7 June 1809, Shuja Shah signed a treaty with the [[British East India Company|British]], which included a clause stating that he would oppose the passage of foreign troops through his territories. This agreement, the first Afghan pact with a European power, stipulated joint action in case of [[France|Franco]]-Persian aggression against Afghan or British dominions.{{sfn|Lee|2019|pp=170-174}} Only a few weeks after signing the agreement, Shuja was deposed by his predecessor, Mahmud.{{sfn|Lee|2019|pp=174-176}} Much later, he was reinstated by the British, ruling during 1839–1842. oNE of his sons, Fateh Jang, also ruled for a brief period in 1842, following Shah Shuja's assassination.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=295}}
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]]
| 1809–1818 (second reign)
1818–1826 (as ruler of [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]])
| Mahmud's second reign lasted nine years. Mahmud alienated the Barakzai, especially Fateh Khan, the son of Painda Khan, [[Torture and execution of Fateh Khan Barakzai|who was eventually seized and blinded]]. Revenge would later be sought and obtained by Fateh Khan's youngest brother, [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]. Expelled to Herat in 1818, Mahmud Shah ruled that area until his son [[Shahzada Kamran Durrani|Kamran]] deposed and exiled him with [[Qajar Iran|Iranian]] help.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Noelle-Karimi |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ |title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries) |date=2014 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |isbn=978-3-7001-7202-4 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Abbas Mirza Durrani
| 1810 (Ruler of the [[Durrani Empire]])
| Abbas Mirza was placed on the throne of the Durrani empire in 1810 while [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Shah Mahmood]] was campaigning in [[Kashmir]], Shah Mahmud had returned and deposed Abbas Mirza after a skirmish at the capital of [[Kabul]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=176}}
|-
| [[Ali Shah Durrani]]
| 1818–1819
| Ali Shah was another son of [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]]. He seized power for a brief period in 1818–19.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=181}}
|-
| [[Ayub Shah Durrani]]
| 1819–1823
| Ayub Shah was another son of Timur Shah, who deposed Sultan Ali Shah. He was himself later deposed, and presumably killed in 1823. The loss of Kashmir during his reign opened a new chapter in South Asian history.{{sfn|Lee|2019|pp=183-185}}
|-
| [[Shuja Shah Durrani]]
| 1839–1842 (second reign)
| He was declared as Amir with help and support from the British but was deposed by [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]] in 1842.
|-
| [[Fateh Jang Durrani]]
| April 1842-October 1842 (Ruler of the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Kingdom]])
| Following Shah Shuja Durrani's death, Fateh Jang's father, Fateh Jang succeeded his father in rule at Kabul, however fled with the British after their punitive expedition to Kabul, leaving in October 1842.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=295}}
|-
| [[Shahzada Kamran Durrani]]
| 1826–1842 (as ruler of [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]])
| Expelled his father from Herat in 1826, ruled over Herat until 1842. Iranians invaded in 1833 and [[Siege of Herat (1837–1838)|1837]], in the aftermath of the Iranian siege of Herat in early 1842 he was deposed and brutally murdered by his vizier [[Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai]].<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Mohammad-Yusuf Mirza Durrani]]
| 1855–1856 (as ruler of [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]])
| Ruler of Herat 15 September 1855 to 28 April 1856. Overthrew Sa'id Mohammad Khan Alakozai in 1855, Iranian siege of Herat began April 1856. Overthrown by his vizier 'Isa Khan Bardurrani on 28 April 1856, given up to the Iranians.<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Dynasty Family Tree ==

{{stack|[[File:Sadozai Royal Dynasty.png|thumb| A complete chart showing the different branches of the Sadozai/Durrani Royal Family, including the fate of descendants of the family during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="GriffinChopra1940">{{cite book | last = Chopra | first = G. L. | title = Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab: A Revised Edition of "The Punjab Chiefs" | volume = I | publisher = Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab | location = Lahore | year = 1940 | edition = Revised and corrected up to July 1, 1939 }}</ref> <ref name="Nejatie2017">{{cite thesis
| last = Nejatie
| first = Sajjad
| title = The Pearl Of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and its transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-I Durrān
| publisher = University of Toronto
| url = https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/58064d9a-dbce-4c9d-9917-89a4eb49be1c
| year = 2017
| pages=41-46
| hdl = 1807/80750
| type = PhD thesis
}}</ref>]]}}

The Sadozai from their progenitor Amir-e-Afghan [[Sado Khan]] to the [[Sadozai Sultanate of Safa]], followed by the [[Sadozai Sultanate of Herat]] and then the [[Durrani Empire]]. Includes branches settled in the [[British Raj]] who were officially confirmed with titles and seats.

The last two [[ Kingdom of Afghanistan | Kings of Afghanistan]] maternally descend from the Sadozai/Durrani Dynasty.

Includes a color-coded legend with the following categories:
* {{legend|#E0B0FF|Sadozai Sultans of Safa}}
* {{legend|#ADD8E6|Sadozai Sultans of Herat}}
* {{legend|#90EE90|Sadozai Durrani Padshahs}}
* {{legend|#006400|Sadozai Emirs of Herat}}
* {{legend|#00008B|Chiefs of the Sadozai, British Raj}}
* {{legend|#FF0000|Kings of Afghanistan}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[List of Sunni dynasties]]
* [[Barakzai dynasty]]
* [[Hotak dynasty]]
* [[Sur Empire]]
* [[Lodi dynasty]]
* [[Khalji dynasty]]
* [[Ghurid dynasty]]
* [[Ghaznavids]]
* [[Saffarid dynasty]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] – [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/21396/The-Durrani-dynasty The Durrani dynasty]

{{Durrani dynasty}}
{{Monarchs of Afghanistan}}
{{Pashtun}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Durrani dynasty| ]]
[[Category:1747 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:18th-century Afghan people|.]]
[[Category:19th-century Afghan politicians|.]]
[[Category:Culture of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Durrani Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Emirate of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Emirs of Afghanistan|.]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:History of the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:Pashtun culture]]
[[Category:Pashtun dynasties]]
[[Category:People from the Durrani Empire|.]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]

Durrani dynasty - Revision history

Srcsdoon at 01:25, 15 April 2026