>Monkbot at 22:12, 24 January 2021

2021-01-24T22:12:05Z

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{{Short description|Former Dutch colony in Coromandel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = Coromandel
|conventional_long_name = Dutch Coromandel
|common_name = Coromandel, Dutch
|empire = Netherlands
|status = Colony
|status_text =
|era = Imperialism
|year_start = 1608
|year_end = 1825
|date_start =
|date_end = 1 June
|event_start = Permission to build a fort in Pulicat
|event_end = [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]]
|p1 = Portuguese India
|flag_p1 = Flag Portugal (1640).svg
|s1 = British India
|flag_s1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
|image_flag = Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg
|image_coat = VOC.svg
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|capital = [[Pulicat]] (1610–1690; 1781–1795)<br />[[Nagapatnam]] (1690–1781)<br />[[Sadras]] (1818–1825)
|common_languages = [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|government_type =
|title_leader =
|leader1 =
|year_leader1 =
|leader2 =
|year_leader2 =
|title_representative = Governor
|representative1 = Pieter Issack Eyloff
|year_representative1 = 1608–1610
|representative2 = [[Carel Reyniersz]]
|year_representative2 = 1636–1638
|representative3 = [[Cornelis Speelman]]
|year_representative3 = 1663–1665
|representative4 = [[Henry Francis von Söhsten]]
|year_representative4 = 1824–1825
|title_deputy =
|deputy1 =
|year_deputy1 =
|deputy2 =
|year_deputy2 =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|currency =
}}
'''Coromandel''' was a [[governorate]] of the [[Dutch East India Company]] on the [[Coromandel Coast]] between 1610 until the company's liquidation in 1798. Dutch presence in the region began with the capture of [[Pulicat]] from the Portuguese, which then became a colony of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] until 1825, when it was relinquished to the British according to the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]]. It is part of what is today called [[Dutch India]].<ref name="VOCsite">De VOC site – [http://vocsite.nl/geschiedenis/handelsposten/coromandel.html Coromandel]</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Pulicat, Aerial view of Pellacata-1682.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Pulicat, 1656<ref name="CRENIEO4 ">Azariah pp. 63–68</ref>]]
[[File:Masulipatam mg 8557.jpg|thumb|View of Masulipatam in 1676]]
In 1606, a Dutch ship stopped on the shores of the Karimanal Village near [[Pulicat]], north of the mouth of the lake requesting water.<ref name=Caste131>Pandian p.131</ref> Local Muslims offered food and help to the Dutch. They struck a trade partnership to procure and supply local merchandise to the Dutch for trade in the [[East Indies]].<ref name = hindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/10/19/stories/2003101900280700.htm|title=... and a placid Pulicat experience|last=SANJEEVA RAJ|first=P.J.|date=19 October 2003|work=The Hindu|access-date=2008-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826092210/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/10/19/stories/2003101900280700.htm|archive-date=26 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Queen Eraivi, a wife of King [[Venkata II]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]], ruled ''Prelaya Kaveri'' and during her reign in 1608 the [[Dutch East India Company]] was given [[Venkata II#Arrival of Dutch|permission]] to build a fort and do trading.<ref name="CRENIEO2">Azariah p.10</ref> They built a fort named [[Fort Geldria|Geldria]] at Pulicat as a defense from other invading armies' kings and the Portuguese, from where they soon monopolized the lucrative textiles trade with the East Indies and other countries in the region.<ref>Pandian pp.?</ref> Under pressure from the Dutch, an English trading post was established in 1619, but this post was disbanded in 1622.<ref name=Caste73>Pandian p.73</ref> The Dutch establishment met with stiff resistance from the Portuguese, who conducted several attacks on the harbor. In 1611, Venkatatapati turned against the Portuguese and the Jesuits were ordered to leave Chandragiri and the Dutch were permitted to build a fort at Pulicat.

The Portuguese tried unsuccessfully to recapture Pulicat in 1614, 1623, and 1633, but never succeeded.<ref>Lach pp. 1008–1011</ref><ref name="trading">Mukund p. 57</ref><ref>Sewell et al. pp.232,233</ref> From 1616 to 1690, Pulicat was the official headquarters of Dutch Coromandel.

Manufacture of cloth for export was the sole occupation of several indigenous groups in Pulicat and the hinterlands of Tamil, Telegu and Kannada territories, and it is likely that over 1,000 handlooms operated in Pulicat alone.<ref name=Caste7275>Pandian pp.72–75</ref> In the 1620s, the Dutch East India Company established a gunpowder factory in Pulicat. Its output was so substantial that for several decades it was able to keep many of the major Dutch trading centers in the East Indies and homeward-bound fleets well supplied.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/26/regions/26SA5.html|title=The VOC's Gunpowder Factory |last=DIJK|first=Wil O.|date=November 2001|work=IIAS Newsletter #26|publisher=International Institute for Asian Studies ([[International Institute for Asian Studies|IIAS]])|access-date=2008-11-28}}</ref> In 1615, the first VOC mint in India was established in Fort Gelria where, initially, "Kas" copper coins with VOC monogram and a [[Sanskrit]] legend were minted.<ref name ="mint"/> The Pulicat mint operated till 1674, when a new mint was established at Nagapattinam. These coins were widely used in [[Ceylon]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Shimada|first=Ryūto |title=The Intra-Asian Trade in Japanese Copper by the Dutch East India Company During the Eighteenth Century|publisher=Brill|year=2006|page = 144|isbn=978-90-04-15092-8}}</ref>

=== The rise and fall of Nagapattinam ===
The headquarters of the colony shifted to [[Nagapattinam]] in 1690, after the Dutch had begun working on their [[Fort Vijf Sinnen]] three years earlier. The heavily armed fort in the end proved useless in the 1781 [[Siege of Negapatam]], in which the British took the fort. In the [[Treaty of Paris (1784)|Treaty of Paris of 1784]] which ended the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] of which this siege was part, Nagapattinam was not restored to Dutch rule, but instead remained British. The headquarters of the colony shifted back to Pulicat.<ref name="mint">{{cite web|url=http://lakdiva.org/coins/dutch_india/pulicat_cud.html |title=Paliakate – VOC Kas Copper Dumps, 1646 – 1794 – Dutch India]|author=Kavan Ratnatunga|author-link=Kavan Ratnatunga|year=2006|work=Dutch India coins – Pulicat|publisher=lakdiva.org|access-date=2008-12-02}}</ref>

By the early 18th century, Pulicat's population has been estimated to have declined to just over 10,000.<ref>''Subrahmanyam'' pp.23–24</ref> In 1746, the monsoon failed, resulting in a devastating famine. In the larger towns of Pulicat and [[Santhome]] alone the death toll was put at 15,000 and only one third of the textile weavers, painters and washers survived. Cloth prices increased 15% and little was available even at that price. An even more significant cause of the Dutch decline was conquest of the area by the [[Golconda]] forces commanded by [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]].<ref>''Mukund'' pp.68–67</ref>

=== Occupation by the British, restoration to the Dutch and eventual cession ===
Owing to the [[Kew Letters]] written by Dutch stadtholder [[William V, Prince of Orange]], British troops occupied Dutch Coromandel to prevent it from being overrun by the French. Dutch governor Jacob Eilbracht capitulated to the British on 15 July 1795.{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1901|p=368}} In 1804, British forces blew up [[Fort Geldria]].{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1901|p=364}}

The [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]] restored Dutch Coromandel to Dutch rule. A commission under the leadership of {{ill|Jacob Andries van Braam|nl}} was installed by the [[Dutch East Indies]] government on 28 June 1817 to effect the transfer of the Dutch possessions on the Indian subcontinent, which arrived on the Coromandel Coast in January 1818.{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1901|p=290}} After protracted negotiations, the Dutch possessions were eventually handed over on 31 March 1818, with a ceremonial striking of the [[Union Jack]] in Fort Sadras, the new capital of Dutch Coromandel, and a subsequent hoisting of the Dutch flag.{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1901|pp=374–375}} F. C. Regel was installed as the new governor of Dutch Coromandel, who now went by the title of [[opperhoofd]].{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1901|p=376}} Regel was succeeded in 1824 by the young administrator [[Henricus Franciscus von Söhsten]].{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1918|p=96}}

The restoration of Dutch rule did not last long. On 1 June 1825, seven years after the possessions were restored to the Dutch, Dutch Coromandel was again ceded to the British, owing to the provisions of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]].{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1918|p=124}}

Except for two short breaks, Dutch rule of Pulicat lasted for 214 years between 1606 and 1825 till the King of [[Arcot]] acceded [[Chingleput]] District (which included Pulicat village) to the British in 1825.<ref name=Caste75>Pandian p.75</ref>

== Legacy ==
Pulicat today bears silent testimony to the Dutch, with the Dutch Fort dating back to 1609 in ruins, a Dutch Church and Cemetery with 22 protected tombs dating from 1631 to 1655 and another Dutch Cemetery with 76 tombs and mausoleums protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref name="plans">{{cite web|url=http://www.pulicatlake.net/plans.htm |title=Alternative Development Paradigm |author=CRENIEO |year=2005 |work=Proposed preplanning activities |publisher=CRENIEO |access-date=2008-12-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120182109/http://www.pulicatlake.net/plans.htm |archive-date=20 November 2008 }}</ref><ref name="CRENIEO5 ">Azariah ch. 5 pp. ?</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in:80/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|title=197 Fort And Cemetery Pulicat Thiruvallur|last=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|year=2008|work=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Tamil Nadu|publisher=Government of India|pages=SI No. 197|access-date=2008-11-30}}</ref> Dutch architects and scholars now intend to support efforts to restore these early Dutch settlements. The Dutch Hospital building in Pulicat dating from 1640 is to be renovated in the near future.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aarde.in/renovation-of-hospital |title=Renovation of 379 Years Old Building – PULICAT Health Care Clinic |website=aarde.in |access-date=29 September 2020 }}</ref>

Sadras still features a Dutch fort and a cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchindianheritage.net/dutch-fort-in-sadras-in-better-state-than-in-1989/ |title=Sadras: Dutch fort in better state than in 1989 |website=dutchindianheritage.net |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref> Although the remains of [[Fort Vijf Sinnen]] and the Dutch cemetery in [[Nagapattinam]] have almost completely vanished, the Dutch {{ill|Saint Peter's Church, Nagapattinam|WD=Q99543094}} still remains standing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchindianheritage.net/nagapatnam/ |title=Nagapatnam: Dutch built ten churches and a hospital |website=dutchindianheritage.net |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref> Near [[Masulipatam]], there are remnants of the Dutch-built {{ill|Bandar Fort|WD=Q17783490}} and a Dutch cemetery.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/577248/monuments-face-utter-neglect-bandar.html |title=Monuments face utter neglect in Bandar Fort |last=Umanadh |first=J.B.S. |date=22 October 2016 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchindianheritage.net/2020/03/02/dutch-cemetery-masulipatnam-being-renovated-2020 |title=Dutch cemetery in Masulipatnam 2020 |website=dutchindianheritage.net |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchindianheritage.net/1993-2/ |title=Masulipatnam cemetery: Dutch history in stone |website=dutchindianheritage.net |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref> Bheemunipatnam features two Dutch cemeteries and some remnants of Dutch colonial buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchindianheritage.net/1106-2/ |title=Bimilipatnam: Old Dutch cemetery |website=dutchindianheritage.net |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchindianheritage.net/the-real-dutch-cemetery-in-bheemunipatnam/ |title=Bimilipatnam: The real Dutch cemetery, 2020 |website=dutchindianheritage.net |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref> [[Tuticorin]], which was governed from [[Dutch Ceylon]] until 1796, but became a residency of Dutch Coromandel in 1817 after Ceylon was relinquished to the British, still features the {{ill|Holy Trinity Church, Tuticorin|WD=Q99542973}}, built by the Dutch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchindianheritage.net/dutch-church-tuticorin/ |title=Tuticorin: Dutch church in 2013 |website=dutchindianheritage.net |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref>

== Forts and trading posts ==
{{Location map+|India Andhra Pradesh|width=380|float=left
|alt=Map of the main forts of the Coromandel Coast in the current Indian state of Andhra Pradesh
|caption=Map of the main forts of the Coromandel Coast in the current Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|places=
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=13.4167|lon_deg=80.3167|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Pulicat'''}}
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.17|lon_deg=81.13|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Masulipatnam}}
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=15.9|lon_deg=80.667|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Nizampatnam}}
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.38|lon_deg=78.4|position=top|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Golkonda}}
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.886|lon_deg=83.447|position=top|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Bheemunipatnam}}
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.93|lon_deg=82.33|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Jaggernaikpoeram}}
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.7928|lon_deg=82.0635|position=left|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Draksharama}}
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.5333|lon_deg=81.7333|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Palakol}}
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.0665|lon_deg=80.2153|position=top|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Nagulavancha}}
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=12.525|lon_deg=80.162222|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Sadras}}
}}
{{Location map+|India Tamil Nadu|width=285|float=right
|alt=Map of the main forts of the Coromandel Coast in the current Indian state of Tamil Nadu
|caption=Map of the main forts of the Coromandel Coast in the current Indian state of Tamil Nadu
|places=
{{Location map~|India Tamil Nadu|lat_deg=13.4167|lon_deg=80.3167|position=left|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Pulicat'''}}
{{Location map~|India Tamil Nadu|lat_deg=12.525|lon_deg=80.162222|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Sadras}}
{{Location map~|India Tamil Nadu|lat_deg=11.75|lon_deg=79.75|position=top|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Tenganapatnam}}
{{Location map~|India Tamil Nadu|lat_deg=11.747478|lon_deg=79.752822|position=left|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Thiruppapuliyur}}
{{Location map~|India Tamil Nadu|lat_deg=11.490557|lon_deg=79.759393|position=left|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Parangippettai}}
{{Location map~|India Tamil Nadu|lat_deg=10.764|lon_deg=79.845|position=top|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Nagapatnam'''}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Settlement
! Type
! Established
! Disestablished
! Comments
|---
| [[Fort Geldria]] ([[Pulicat]])
| Fort and factory
| 1613
| 1825
| After having been granted to establish a factory in Pulicat in 1608, the local ruler allowed the Dutch to build a fort in 1613. This Fort Geldria remained the principal Dutch fort on the Coromandel Coast until 1690, when the headquarters changed to Nagapattinam. In 1694, large portions of the artillery were shipped to Nagapattinam, but after the latter's loss to the British in 1781, Fort Geldria was reinstated as the capital of the colony. In 1804, Fort Geldria was blown up by British forces. The town was principal in the supply of cotton for the Dutch.
|---
| [[Fort Vijf Sinnen]] ([[Nagapattinam]])
| Fort and factory
| 1658
| 1781
| Captured from the Portuguese in 1658, Nagapattinam first fell under [[Dutch Ceylon]]. After a devastating flood in 1680, Fort Vijf Sinnen was built from the rubble. This new fort became the capital of Dutch Coromandel, until it was captured by the British in 1781.
|---
| [[Sadras|Fort Sadras]]
| Fort and factory
| 1612
| 1825
| First established in 1612, but only in 1654 enlarged into a full factory. In 1749, the Sadras fort was completed. Together with Nagapattinam, it was captured by the British in 1781, but contrary to Nagapattinam, it was given back under the Treaty of Paris (1784). Due to the destruction of Fort Geldria in 1804, Fort Sadras became the capital of Dutch Coromandel in 1818. Sadras was renowned for its high quality cotton, and also supplied bricks for Batavia and Ceylon.
|---
| [[Bheemunipatnam|Fort Bheemunipatnam]]
| Fort and factory
| 1652
| 1825
| The local trading post was enlarged into a fort in 1758. Bheemunipatnam primarily traded in rice, and was fundamental for rice shipments to Ceylon.
|---
| [[Kakinada|Fort Jaggernaikpoeram]]
| Fort and factory
| 1734
| 1825
| An important textile trading post after the loss of Draksharama and Palakol (see below).
|---
| [[Parangippettai]]
| Factory
| 1608
| 1825
| The Dutch East India Company settled in 1608 in an old house in Parangippettai, also known as Porto Novo. In 1680 extended into a full factory.
|---
| [[Palakol]]
| Factory
| 1613
| 1825
| Temporarily abandoned in 1730. Trading post for textile, lamp oil, wood, roof tiles, and bricks.
|---
| [[Masulipatnam]]
| Factory
| 1605
| 1756
| Masulipatnam was the first Dutch factory on the Coromandel Coast of India. It was eventually abandoned in 1756.
|---
| [[Nizampatnam]]
| Factory
| 1606
| 1668
| Second Dutch factory on the Coromandel Coast. Abandoned in 1668.
|---
| [[Tenganapatnam]]
| Factory
| 1609
| 1758
| Established in 1609. In 1647, the permission was given to build a fort here. The primary purpose of the settlement was to spy on the British, who had settled in the same town. Abandoned in favour of Parangippettai (Porto Novo) in 1758.
|---
| [[Golkonda]]
| Factory
| 1634
| 1733
| Important staple market for the Dutch East India Company. After having only a local tradesman to their service, the Dutch expanded their presence in Golkonda to a full factory in 1664. Due to local unrest, trade began to diminish in the late 17th century. The factory was eventually abandoned in 1733.
|---
| [[Draksharama]]
| Factory
| 1633
| 1730
| Abandoned in 1730 in favour of Jaggernaikpoeram.
|---
| [[Thiruppapuliyur]]
| Factory
| 1608
| 1625
| Founded in 1608 on the ruins of an old Portuguese fort. Destroyed in 1625 by a local chief.
|---
| [[Nagulavancha]]
| Factory
| 1669
| 1687
| Established inland to have better control over the quality of the locally produced products. Destroyed on 13 October 1687 by locals.
|---
| ''[[Pondicherry]]''
| ''Fort and factory''
| ''1693''
| ''1699''
| ''During the [[Nine Years' War]], the Dutch East India Company laid siege to the French fort of Pondicherry in 1693, whose commander [[François Martin (Pondicherry)|François Martin]] surrendered on 6 September of the same year. Pondicherry was restored to French rule in 1699, owing to the provisions of the [[Treaty of Ryswick]].''
|}

==See also==
*{{annotated link|Dutch Bengal}}
*{{annotated link|Dutch Malabar}}
*{{annotated link|Dutch Ceylon}}
*{{annotated link|Dutch Suratte}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Azariah, Dr. Jayapaul. ''Paliacatte to Pulicat 1400 to 2007'', CRENIEO (2007)
**Ch. 1, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011538/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF1.pdf Pulicat Lake – Geographical Location and Bio-Geomorphology]
**Ch. 2, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011706/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF2.pdf Early Asian kingdoms, Historical Perspective]
**Ch. 3, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011712/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF3.pdf Pulicat Place Names Through History]
**Ch. 4, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011545/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF4.pdf History of Dutch Fort in Maps, The Fort and Its Settlements – Pallaicatta]
**Ch. 5, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011532/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF5.pdf Dutch Trade Relations]
**Ch. 6, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011610/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF6.pdf Economics of Trade Relations]
**Ch. 7, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011526/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF7.pdf Community at Pulicat]
**Ch. 8, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011721/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF8.pdf Church History]
**Ch. 9, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011656/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF9.pdf The Birth of a Lake]
**Ch. 10, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011629/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF10.pdf Fish and Fisheries]
**Ch. 11, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011617/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF11.pdf Present Day Pulicat Indicating Infrastructural Facilities]
* {{cite book|last=Lach|first=Donald Frederick |author2=Edwin J. Van Kley|title= Asia in the making of Europe|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1993|volume= Volume III South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia|isbn=978-0-226-46754-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITsziXHYO1sC&q=Pulicat+in+Vijayanagar+history&pg=PA411}}
*{{cite book|last=Mukund|first=Kanakalatha |author-link=Kanakalatha Mukund|title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1999|isbn=978-81-250-1661-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC&q=pulicat+portuguese&pg=PA57}}
* {{cite book|last=Pandian|first=Jacob|title=Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1987|isbn=978-0-86132-136-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73msCkfD5V8C}}
*{{cite book|last=Subrahmanyam|first= Sanjay |title=The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500-1650|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-89226-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgSMPKVh7f8C&q=The+Political+Economy+of+Commerce:+Southern+India+1500-1650}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Van der Kemp |first=P.H. |year=1901 |title=De Nederlandsche factorijen in vóór-Indië in den aanvang der 19e eeuw |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=286–507 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90002075 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Van der Kemp |first=P.H. |year=1918 |title=De jaren 1817-1825 der Nederlandsche factorijen van Hindostans Oostkust |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=286–507 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90001648 |doi-access=free}}

==External links==

*[http://silvercascades.blogspot.in/2012/07/sadras.html A photoblog on Fort Sadras]

{{Dutch colonies|East India|Kingdom1}}

{{Coord|2|11|20|N|102|23|4|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coromandel, Dutch}}
[[Category:European colonisation in Asia]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]
[[Category:Dutch Coromandel| ]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu|Dutch Coromandel]]
[[Category:Former trading posts of the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:1608 establishments in Dutch India]]
[[Category:1825 disestablishments in Dutch India]]

Dutch Coromandel - Revision history

>Monkbot at 22:12, 24 January 2021