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{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Duttaphrynus hololius.jpg
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | author = S.D. Biju | author2 = Sushil Dutta | author3 = Karthikeyan Vasudevan | author4 = S.P. Vijayakumar | author5 = Chelmala Srinivasulu | author6 = Gajanan Dasaramji Bhuddhe | title = ''Duttaphrynus hololius'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume= 2004 | page = e.T54665A11171073 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 2004 | doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54665A11171073.en}}</ref>
| genus = Duttaphrynus
| species = hololius
| authority = ([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1876)
| synonyms = ''Bufo hololius'' <small>Günther, 1876 "1875"</small>
| range_map = Duttaphrynus hololius map-fr.svg
}}

'''''Duttaphrynus hololius''''', known as '''Günther's toad''',<ref name=frost/> '''Malabar toad''',<ref name=frost/> or '''rock toad''',<ref name=aw/> is an uncommon, rock-dwelling [[toad]] found in the [[Eastern Ghats]] and [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] plateau of peninsular [[India]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref>Srinivasulu, B., Ganesh, S. R., & Srinivasulu, C. (2013). New regional record and notes on historical specimens of Gunther Toad Duttaphrynus hololius with comments on other southeastern Indian congeners. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5(13), 4784-4790.</ref><ref>Pillai, R. S., & Ravichandran, M. S. (1991). On a rare toad Bufo hololius Günther from Nagarjunsagar, Andhra Pradesh. Rec. Zool. Sur. Ind, 88(1), 11-14.</ref>

==Description==
The crown of this toad lacks bony ridges and has a short, prominent snout. Its inter-orbital space as broad and the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye and close to it. Fingers short, first extending a little beyond second; toes short, webbed at the base only; subarticular tubercles single, not very prominent; two small metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth, the back with very flat, smooth, distinctly porous glandular patches; parotoids flat. Olive above, marbled with brown: beneath immaculate.<ref>Boulenger, G. A. (1890) Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.</ref>
From snout to vent about 2 inches.

==Distribution==
This toad is known from rocky hillocks and outcrops of [[Bangalore]] in [[Karnataka]], [[Hosur]], [[Gingee]] and [[Javadi Hills]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Chittoor]], [[Nellore]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. (It was previously mistaken to be found in the [[Western Ghats]]).<ref>Chandramouli, S. R., Ganesh, S. R., & Baskaran, N. (2011). On recent sightings of a little-known south Indian toad, Duttaphrynus hololius (Günther, 1876) with notes on its morphological characterization and ecology. Herpetology Notes, 4, 271-274.</ref><ref>Ganesh, S. R., & Asokan, J. R. (2010). Catalogue of Indian herpetological specimens in the collection of the Government Museum Chennai, India. Hamadryad, 35, 46-63.</ref>

==Natural history==
This uncommon species of toad is very partial to rocky habitats; being only found in places with predominantly rocky substrate and boulder formations. Thought to be [[nocturnal]] and [[insectivorous]]; and to become active during the rains. Breeds by laying eggs in stagnant ephemeral [[Stream pool|pools]] and [[pond]]s formed only on rocky surfaces, but not on soil layers. Tadpoles develop in ephemeral pools on rock scapes.<ref>Ganesh, S. R., Kalaimani, A., Nath, A., & Kumar, R. B. (2013). First observations on the larval characteristics of Günther's toad Duttaphrynus hololius (Günther, 1876). Herpetotropicos, 9(1-2), 5-8.</ref><ref>Chandramouli, S. R., & Kalaimani, A. (2014). Description of the larvae of Günther's toad Duttaphrynus hololius (Günther, 1876)(Anura: Bufonidae) with notes on development and oral ultra-structure. Alytes, 31(1/2), 3.</ref> Young ones are very bright replicas of the adults; sporting vivid scarlet red spots on body. Its depressed body form may indicate a life suited for rock-dwelling habits.

The threats are not exactly known but habitat loss is possible; it also occurs in [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]] and possibly but needing verification [[Bannerghatta National Park]]. It has a fragmented and declining population and there were no recent records until 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiannature.org/sites/default/files/2011%20Little%20known%20South%20Indian%20Toad%20Herpetology.pdf|title=On recent sightings of a little-known south Indian toad, ''Duttaphyrnus hololius'' (Günter, 1876) with notes on its morphological characterization and ecology|date=2011|publisher=asiannature.org|access-date=June 29, 2015}}</ref> when it was re-sighted in the Hosur Forest Division. Following this work more sightings turned out subsequently from Thommaguddai, Ambur Range, [[Tiruppattur, Vellore]] and it was seen three more times in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author1=A. Kalaimani |author2=Anukul Nath |author3=R. Brawin Kumar |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.academia.edu/3754258|title=A note on records of rare and endemic ''Duttaphrynus hololius'' (Günther, 1876) from Tamil Nadu, Eastern Ghats, India|date=2012|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=June 29, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=aw>{{cite web |title=''Duttaphrynus hololius'' |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/196 |website=amphibiaweb.org |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Duttaphrynus/Duttaphrynus-hololius |title=''Duttaphrynus hololius'' (Günther, 1876) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2016 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28031345}}

[[Category:Duttaphrynus|hololius]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1876]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]

{{Bufonidae-stub}}

Duttaphrynus hololius - Revision history

>Pvmoutside at 19:11, 4 May 2021