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{{short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Bhutan}}
{{Distinguish|Tsonga language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Dzongkha
| altname = Bhutanese
| nativename = {{bo-textonly|lang=dz|རྫོང་ཁ་}}
| states = [[Bhutan]]
| ethnicity = [[Demographics of Bhutan|Bhutanese]]
| speakers = 171,080
| date = 2013
| ref = e18
| speakers2 = Total speakers: 640,000<ref name="How many people speak Dzongkha">{{cite web|url=http://www.languagecomparison.com/en/how-many-people-speak-dzongkha/model-136-7 |title=How many people speak Dzongkha?|publisher=languagecomparison.com|access-date=2018-03-15}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]] ?
| fam3 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
| fam4 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
| fam5 = Dzongkha–Lhokä
| ancestor = [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan]]
| ancestor2 = [[Old Tibetan]]
| ancestor3 = [[Classical Tibetan]]
| script = [[Tibetan script]] [[Dzongkha Braille]]
| nation = {{BTN}}
| agency = [[Dzongkha Development Commission]]
| dia1 = [[Laya dialect|Laya]]
| dia2 = [[Lunana dialect|Lunana]]
| dia3 = Adap
| iso1 = dz
| iso2 = dzo
| iso3 = dzo
| lc1 = lya
| ld1 = [[Laya dialect|Laya]]
| lc2 = luk
| ld2 = [[Lunana dialect|Lunana]]
| lc3 = adp
| ld3 = Adap
| glotto = nucl1307
| glottorefname = Nuclear Dzongkhic
| lingua = 70-AAA-bf
| map = Dzongkha native language districts.svg
| mapcaption = Districts of Bhutan in which the Dzongkha language is spoken natively are highlighted in yellow.
| notice = IPA
| image = [[File:Dzongkha in Tibetan script.png|200px]]
| imagecaption =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tibetan}}
[[File:JakarDzong.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jakar Dzong]], representative of the distinct [[dzong architecture]] from which Dzongkha gets its name]]
'''Dzongkha''' ({{bo-textonly|lang=dz|རྫོང་ཁ་}}, {{IPA-all|dzòŋkʰɑ́|}}) is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] spoken by over half a million people in [[Bhutan]]; it is the country's sole official and national language.<ref name=CoBE>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20(A5).pdf |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Art. 1, § 8 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |date=2008-07-18 |access-date=2011-01-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162637/http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20%28A5%29.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref> The [[Tibetan script]] is used to write Dzongkha.

The word ''dzongkha'' means "the language of the palace"; ''[[Dzongkhag|dzong]]'' means "palace" and ''kha'' is language. As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.<ref name="How many people speak Dzongkha" />

==Usage==
Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan (''[[viz.]]'' [[Wangdue Phodrang]], [[Punakha]], [[Thimphu]], [[Gasa District|Gasa]], [[Paro District|Paro]], [[Haa District|Ha]], [[Dagana District|Dagana]] and [[Chukha]]).<ref>{{cite book
|title=Dzongkha
|first1= George
|last1= van Driem
|author1-link= George van Driem
|first2= Karma
|last2= Tshering of Gaselô
|series = Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region
|volume= I
|year= 1998
| publisher = Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, [[Leiden University]]
|location= Leiden, The Netherlands
|page = 3
|isbn= 90-5789-002-X
}}</ref> There are also some native speakers near the Indian town of [[Kalimpong]], once part of Bhutan but now in [[North Bengal]].

Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971.<ref name="Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization">{{harvp|van Driem|1991}}</ref> Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The 2003 Bhutanese film ''[[Travellers and Magicians]]'' is in Dzongkha.

==Writing system==
{{Main|Tibetan script|Dzongkha numerals|Dzongkha Braille}}
[[File:Dzongkha_-_in_Bhutanese_script.svg|thumb|The word "Dzongkha" in Jôyi, a Bhutanese form of the Uchen script]]

The [[Tibetan script]] used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters, sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants. Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the [[Uchen script]], forms of the [[Tibetan script]] known as ''Jôyi'' "cursive longhand" and ''Jôtshum'' "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as ''Tshûm''.<ref name=Driem47>{{cite book|last1=Driem|first1=George van|title=Dzongkha = Rdoṅ-kha|date=1998|publisher=Research School, CNWS|location=Leiden|isbn=90-5789-002-X|page=47}}</ref>

===Romanization===
There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound.<ref>See for instance [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_bo.pdf Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Tibetan] [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.pdf Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Dzongkha]</ref> The Bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha, devised by the linguist [[George van Driem]], as its standard in 1991.<ref name="Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization" />

== Phonology ==
Dzongkha is a [[tone language]] and has two register tones: high and low.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}} The tone of a [[syllable]] determines the [[allophone]] of the onset and the [[phonation]] type of the nuclear vowel.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ [[Consonant]] [[phoneme]]s of Dzongkha
!
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]/ [[Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA link|p}}  {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}  {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}  {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}  {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
! [[Affricate]]
|
| {{IPA link|ts̪|ts}}  {{IPA|tsʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}  {{IPA|tɕʰ}}
|
|
|-
! [[Sibilant]]
|
| {{IPA link|s̪|s}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}}
|
|
|-
! [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Continuant]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɬ}}  {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|}
All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]].{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} [[Aspirated consonant]]s (indicated by the superscript ''h''), {{IPA|/ɬ/}}, and {{IPA|/h/}} are not found in low-tone syllables.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} The rhotic {{IPA|/r/}} is usually a trill {{IPAblink|r}} or a fricative trill {{IPAblink|r̝}},{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}} and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}}

{{IPA|/t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/}} are [[Dental consonant|dental]].{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}} Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]] to plain palatal.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}{{sfnp|Michailovsky|Mazaudon|1989}}{{sfnp|Downs|2011}}

Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are {{IPA|/m, n, p/}}.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} Syllable-final {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is often elided and results in the preceding vowel [[nasalized]] and prolonged, especially word-finally.{{sfnp|van Driem|1994}}{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} Syllable-final {{IPA|/k/}} is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} In literary pronunciation, [[Liquid consonant|liquids]] {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} may also end a syllable.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}} Though rare, {{IPA|/ɕ/}} is also found in syllable-final positions.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ class="nowrap" | [[Vowel]] [[phoneme]]s of Dzongkha
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i  iː  yː}}
| {{IPA|u  uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|e  eː  øː}}
| {{IPA|o  oː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA|ɛː}}
| {{IPA|ɑ  ɑː}}
|}
* When in low tone, vowels are produced with [[breathy voice]].{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}{{sfnp|van Driem|1994}}
* In closed syllables, {{IPA|/i/}} varies between {{IPAblink|i}} and {{IPAblink|ɪ}}, the latter being more common.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}{{sfnp|Downs|2011}}
* {{IPA|/yː/}} varies between {{IPAblink|yː}} and {{IPAblink|ʏː}}.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}
* {{IPA|/e/}} varies between close-mid {{IPAblink|e}} and open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛ}}, the latter being common in closed syllables. {{IPA|/eː/}} is close-mid {{IPAblink|eː}}. {{IPA|/eː/}} may not be longer than {{IPA|/e/}} at all, and differs from {{IPA|/e/}} more often in quality than in length.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}
* Descriptions of {{IPA|/øː/}} vary between close-mid {{IPAblink|øː}} and open-mid {{IPAblink|œː}}.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}{{sfnp|Downs|2011}}
* {{IPA|/o/}} is close-mid {{IPAblink|o}}, but may approach open-mid {{IPAblink|ɔ}} especially in closed syllables. {{IPA|/oː/}} is close-mid {{IPAblink|oː}}.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}
* {{IPA|/ɛː/}} is slightly lower than open-mid, i.e. {{IPAblink|ɛ|ɛ̞ː}}.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}
* {{IPA|/ɑ/}} may approach {{IPAblink|ɐ}}, especially in closed syllables.{{sfnp|van Driem|1992}}{{sfnp|Downs|2011}}
* When nasalized or followed by {{IPA|[ŋ]}}, vowels are always long.{{sfnp|van Driem|1994}}{{sfnp|Downs|2011}}

=== Phonotactics ===
Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} Syllables usually take the form of CVC, CV, or VC.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}} The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech.{{sfnp|Downs|2011}}

==Classification and related languages==
Dzongkha is considered a [[Tibetic languages|South Tibetic language]]. It is closely related to and partially intelligible with [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], and to some other Bhutanese languages such as [[Chocangaca language|Chocangaca]], [[Brokpa language|Brokpa]], [[Brokkat language|Brokkat]] and [[Lakha language|Lakha]].

Dzongkha bears a close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the [[Chumbi Valley]] of Southern [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite book | first =George | last = van Driem | author-link =George van Driem | editor-last =Moseley | editor-first =Christopher | contribution = Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages | title = Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages | url =https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose | url-access =limited | year = 2007 | page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose/page/n312 294] | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-7007-1197-0 }}</ref> It has a much more distant relationship to [[Standard Tibetan]]. Although spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are largely mutually unintelligible, the literary forms of both are both highly influenced by the [[Liturgy|liturgical]] (clerical) [[Classical Tibetan]] language, known in Bhutan as ''Chöke,'' which has been used for centuries by [[Buddhist monks]]. Chöke was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools.<ref name=vandriem1998dzongkha>{{cite book
|title=Dzongkha
|last1= van Driem
|first1= George
|author1-link= George van Driem
|first2= Karma
|last2= Tshering of Gaselô
|series = Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region
|volume= I
|year= 1998
|pages= 7–8
| publisher = Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, [[Leiden University]]
|location= Leiden, The Netherlands
|isbn= 90-5789-002-X
}}</ref>

Although descended from [[Classical Tibetan]], Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with [[Standard Tibetan]]. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules."<ref name=Driem110>{{cite book|last1=Driem|first1=George van|title=Dzongkha = Rdoṅ-kha|date=1998|publisher=Research School, CNWS|location=Leiden|isbn=90-5789-002-X|page=110|quote=Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules.}}</ref>

==Sample text==
The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:

'''Dzongkha in the [[Tibetan script]]'''
:{{bo-textonly|lang=dz|༄༅། །འགྲོ་བ་མི་རིགས་ག་ར་དབང་ཆ་འདྲ་མཉམ་འབད་སྒྱེཝ་ལས་ག་ར་གིས་གཅིག་གིས་གཅིག་ལུ་སྤུན་ཆའི་དམ་ཚིག་བསྟན་དགོས།}}

'''Romanization'''
:''’Gro-ba-mi-rigs-ga-ra-dbaṅ-cha-’dra-mtam-’bad-sgyew-las-ga-ra-gis-gcig-gis-gcig-lu-spun-cha’i-dam-tshig-bstan-dgo.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/udhr/sinotibetan.htm|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1) in Sino-Tibetan languages|website=omniglot.com}}</ref>

'''Translation'''
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

==See also==

*[[Dzongkha Braille]]
*[[Dzongkha numerals]]
*[[Languages of Bhutan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Downs |first=Cheryl Lynn |title=Issues in Dzongkha Phonology: An Optimality Theoretic Approach |date=2011 |degree=Master's |publisher=San Diego State University |url=http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1664/Downs_Cheryl.pdf}}
* {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission | author-link=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary (འབྲིང་རིམ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཨིང་ལིཤ་ཚིག་མཛོད་རིག་པའི་ལོ་འདབ།) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=2009 | isbn=978-99936-765-3-9 | url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Lodap_Rigpai%20Lodap.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission | author-link=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms (རྫོང་ཁའི་མིང་ཚིག་རྣམ་གྲངས་དང་འགལ་མིང་སྐར་ཚོགས་ཕྲེང་བ།) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=2009 | id={{Listed Invalid ISBN|99936-663-13-6}} | url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Thesaurus.pdf | access-date=2010-06-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117075318/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Thesaurus.pdf | archive-date=2010-11-17 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission |author-link=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=The New Dzongkha Grammar (rdzong kha'i brda gzhung gsar pa) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=1999 }}
* {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission |author-link=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=Dzongkha Rabsel Lamzang (rdzong kha rab gsal lam bzang) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=1990 }}
* {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Authority | title=English-Dzongkha Dictionary (ཨིང་ལིཤ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཤན་སྦྱར་ཚིག་མཛོད།) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Authority, Ministry of Education | year=2005}}
* {{cite book | last=Imaeda| first=Yoshiro | author-link=Yoshiro Imaeda | title=Manual of Spoken Dzongkha in Roman Transcription | location=Thimphu | publisher=Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV), Bhutan Coordinator Office | year=1990 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Seunghun J. |last2=Kawahara |first2=Shigeto |author-link2=Shigeto Kawahara |year=2018 |title=The phonetic structure of Dzongkha: a preliminary study |journal=Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.24467/onseikenkyu.22.1_13 |doi-access=free}}
* Mazaudon, Martine. 1985. “Dzongkha Number Systems.” S. Ratanakul, D. Thomas & S. Premsirat (eds.). Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies presented to André-G. Haudricourt. Bangkok: Mahidol University. 124–57
* {{Citation |last1=Mazaudon |first1=Martine |first2=Boyd |last2=Michailovsky |year=1986 |title=Syllabicity and suprasegmentals: the Dzongkha monosyllabic noun}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Michailovsky |first1=Boyd |title=Prosodic Analysis and Asian Linguistics: To Honour R.K. Sprigg |last2=Mazaudon |first2=Martine |date=1989 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |editor-last=Bradley |editor-first=David |location=Canberra |pages=115–136 |chapter=Lost syllables and tone contour in Dzongkha (Bhutan) |hdl=1885/145648 |editor-last2=Henderson |editor-first2=E. J. A. |editor-last3=Mazaudon |editor-first3=Martine |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Michailovsky |first=Boyd |title=Prosodic Analysis and Asian Linguistics: To Honour R.K. Sprigg |date=1989 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |editor-last=Bradley |editor-first=David |location=Canberra |pages=297–301 |chapter=Notes on Dzongkha orthography |hdl=1885/145648 |editor-last2=Henderson |editor-first2=E. J. A. |editor-last3=Mazaudon |editor-first3=Martine |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tournadre |first=Nicolas |date=1996 |chapter=Comparaison des systèmes médiatifs de quatre dialectes tibétains (tibétain central, ladakhi, dzongkha et amdo) |editor-first=Z. |editor-last=Guentchéva |title=L'énonciation médiatisée |location=Louvain Paris |publisher=Peeters |series=Bibliothèque de l’Information Grammaticale, 34 |url=http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/1996-mediatifs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019100631/http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/1996-mediatifs.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-19 |pages=195–214 |language=fr }}
* {{cite book |title=Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization |last=van Driem |first=George |author-link=George van Driem |year=1991 |publisher= Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/publication_pdf/1191-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221236/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/publication_pdf/1191-1.pdf}}
*{{cite book |title=The Grammar of Dzongkha |last=van Driem |first=George |author-link=George van Driem |year=1992 |publisher=RGoB, Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |url=http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1992Dzongkha.pdf }}
* {{cite conference
| last=van Driem| first= George | author-link=George van Driem
| title = Language policy in Bhutan
| year = 1993
| location = SOAS, London
| url = http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180911043324/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003
| archive-date = 2018-09-11
}}
* {{Cite journal |last=van Driem |first=George |author-link=George van Driem |year=1994 |title=The Phonologies of Dzongkha and the Bhutanese Liturgical Language |url=http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1994DzongkhaPhonology.pdf |journal=Zentralasiatische Studien |issue=24 |pages=36–44}}
* {{cite book
| first =George
| last = van Driem
| author-link =George van Driem
| editor-last =Moseley
| editor-first =Christopher
| contribution = Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages
| title = Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
| year = 2007
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose/page/n312 294]–295
| publisher = Routledge
| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose
| url-access =limited
| isbn = 978-0-7007-1197-0 }}
*{{cite book |title=The First Linguistic Survey of Bhutan |last=van Driem |first=George |author-link=George van Driem |year=n.d. |publisher= Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) |location=Thimphu, Bhutan }}
* {{cite thesis |last=Watters |first=Stephen A. |year=1996 |title=A preliminary study of prosody in Dzongkha |location=Arlington |publisher=UT at Arlington |degree=Masters}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Watters |first=Stephen A. |title=A grammar of Dzongkha (dzo): phonology, words, and simple clauses |date=2018 |degree=Doctor of Philosophy |publisher=Rice University |url=https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/103233 |hdl=1911/103233 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite book | last1=van Driem| first1= George| author-link=George van Driem |author2=Karma Tshering of Gaselô (collab) | title=Dzongkha |series= Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region| publisher=Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies| location=Leiden | year=1998 | isbn=90-5789-002-X}} - A language textbook with three audio compact disks.
* {{Cite book |last1=Karma Tshering |title=The Grammar of Dzongkha |last2=Van Driem |first2=George |date=2019 |publisher=Himalayan Linguistics |isbn=978-0-578-50750-7 |edition=3rd |location=Santa Barbara |doi=10.5070/H918144245 |orig-year=1992 |doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=dz}}
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Dzongkha phrasebook|Dzongkha|a phrasebook}}
*[http://bhutaneseliterature.com Bhutanese literatures ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182059/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html Dzongkha Development Commission] Thimphu, Bhutan
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182104/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionaries/dz-en-dict/index.html Dzongkha-English Dictionary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110807154426/http://www.podcast.com/show/6924/ Dzongkha podcast]
*[http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.htm Dzongkha Romanization for Geographical Names]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130621032503/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/index.en.html Free textbooks and dictionaries] published by the [[Dzongkha Development Commission]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150403063354/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/PDF/National%20Policy%20and%20Strategy%20of%20Dzongkha%20%28web%29.pdf Bhutan National Policy and Strategy for Development and Promotion of Dzongkha]
* [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha.html Dzongkha Unicode] – site ''[[The National Library of Bhutan]]'' (en – [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha-DZ.html dz])

===Vocabulary===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130923022932/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionary.php Online searchable dictionary (Dz-En, En-Dz, Dz-Dz)] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20160507123629/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/English-Dzongkha_Pocket_Dictionary.pdf Online Dzonkha-English Dictionary] – site ''[[Dzongkha Development Commission]]'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182059/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html en] – [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/ dz])
* [http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/DCT.pdf Dzongkha Computer Terms](pdf)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130525004143/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/English-Dzongkha_Pocket_Dictionary.pdf English-Dzongkha Pocket Dictionary](pdf)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130525005136/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Rigpai_Lodap.pdf Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary](pdf)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130525004121/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Thesaurus.pdf Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms](pdf)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130503124433/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Countries_and_Capitals_in_Dzongkha.pdf Names of Countries and Capitals in Dzongkha](pdf)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130503125034/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Translation-Guidebook.pdf A Guide to Dzongkha-Translation](pdf)

===Grammar===
* [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/LOAA006020/ A colloquial grammar of the Bhutanese language. by Byrne, St. Quintin. Allahabad: Pioneer Press, 1909]
* [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie.html Dzongkha transliteration] – site ''[[National Library of Bhutan]]'' (en – [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie-DZ.html dz])
* [http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/web1024X768/script.html Dzongkha, The National Language of Bhutan] – site ''Dzongkha Linux'' ([http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/web1024X768/home.html en] – [http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/dzo_web1024X768/home.html dz])
* [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.htm Romanization of Dzongkha]
* [http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/visin/bt_dzongkha01.html Dzongkha : Origin and Description]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/dzongkha.php Dzongkha language, alphabet and pronunciation]
* Dzongkha in Wikipedia: [[:ru:Дзонг-кэ|Русский]], [[:fr:Dzongkha|Français]], [[:ja:ゾンカ語|日本語]], [[:et:Dzongkha keel|Eesti]], [[:en:Dzongkha|English]]
* [http://www.panl10n.net/Presentations/Laos/RegionalConference/LanguageProcessingApps/Dzongkha_TTS.pdf Pioneering Dzongkha Text To Speech Synthesis](pdf)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130815015339/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.en.html Dzongkha Grammar & other materials] – site ''[[The Dzongkha Development Commission]]'' (en – [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818023918/http://dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.html dz])
* [http://www.iling-ran.ru/langworld/transcript/Dzongkha.shtml Коряков Ю.Б. Практическая транскрипция для языка дзонг-кэ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130722071156/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Choke-Dzongkha_Dictionary.pdf Classical Tibetan-Dzongkha Dictionary](pdf)

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Languages of Bhutan}}

[[Category:Dzongkha language| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Languages written in Tibetan script]]

Dzongkha - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 22:15, 13 August 2023