Ajay Kumar at 13:07, 22 August 2023

2023-08-22T13:07:20Z

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{{Short description|Language family of South Asia}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Eastern Indo-Aryan
| altname = Magadhan
| region = Eastern [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], southern [[Nepal]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| ancestor = [[Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| children={{Plainlist|
* [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
* [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
* [[Halbic languages|Halbic]]
* ''[[Odia language|Odia]]''}}
| glotto = indo1323
| glottoname = Indo-Aryan Eastern zone
| glotto2 = biha1245
| glottoname2 = Bihari
}}
[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|right|thumb|Major [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of [[South Asia]]; Eastern Indo-Aryan languages in shades of yellow]]

The '''Eastern Indo-Aryan languages''', also known as '''Māgadhan languages''', are spoken throughout the [[Eastern South Asia|eastern region of the subcontinent]] ([[East India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Assam]]), which includes [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bengal region]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam]], and [[Odisha]]; alongside other regions surrounding the northeastern Himalayan corridor. [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is official language of [[Bangladesh]] and the state of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and the [[Barak valley]] of [[Assam]] while [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] are the official languages of [[Assam]] and [[Odisha]], respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from [[Abahattha]], which descends from Magadhan [[Apabhraṃśa]]<ref name=Ray2007 /> and ultimately from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref>{{Citation| contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan | editor1-last=Cardona | editor1-first=George | editor2-last=Jain | editor2-first=Dhanesh | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Routledge | place=London | year=2003 | series=Routledge language family series | isbn=0-7007-1130-9 | pages=46–66}}</ref><ref name=Claus2003>South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203</ref><ref name=Ray2007>Ray, Tapas S. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA444 "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya"]. In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''. Routledge. p. 445. {{ISBN|978-1-135-79711-9}}.</ref>

==Classification==
{{further|Indo-Aryan languages#Classification}}
The exact scope of the Eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial. All scholars agree about a kernel that includes the [[Odia language|Odia cluster]] and the [[Bengali–Assamese languages]], while many also include the [[Bihari languages]]. The widest scope was proposed by [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] who included the [[Eastern Hindi]] varieties, but this has not been widely accepted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=446–462}}</ref>

When the Bihari languages are included, the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages fall into four language groups in two broader categories:

===Western Magadhan===

{{Tree list}}
*'''Bihari'''
**[[Bhojpuri Language|Bhojpuri]]
***[[Caribbean Hindustani]]
** [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
***[[Khortha language|Khortha]]
** [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
***[[Bajjika]] (Western Maithili)
***[[Angika]] (Southern Maithili)
***Central Maithili
***Eastern Maithili
***[[Thēthi]]
***Jolaha
***Kisan
**[[Sadanic languages|Sadanic]]
***[[Sadri language|Sadri
(Nagpuri)]]
***[[Kurmali language|Kurmali
(Panchpargania)]]
**'''[[Tharu languages|Tharuic]]'''
***Chitwania Tharu
***Dangaura Tharu
***Sonha
***Kathoriya Tharu
***[[Kochila Tharu]]
***Rana Tharu
***[[Buksa language|Buksa]]
***[[Majhi language|Majhi]]
***[[Musasa language|Musasa]]
**'''Unclassified Bihari'''
*** [[Kumhali language|Kumhali]]
*** Kuswaric
****[[Danwar language|Danwar]]
****[[Bote-Darai language|Bote-Darai]]
{{Tree list/end}}

===Eastern Magadhan===
{{Tree list}}
* '''[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]''':
** [[Bengali language|Gaudic]]
*** [[Bangali dialect|Bangali]] (Eastern Bengali)
*** [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]
*** [[Chakma language|Chakma]]
*** [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]
*** [[Manbhumi dialect|Manbhumi]] (Western Bengali)
*** [[Noakhailla dialect|Noakhailla]] (Southeastern Bengali)
*** [[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]] (South-Central Bengali)
*** [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
*** Sundarbani (Southern Bengali)
*** [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
*** [[Tanchangya language|Tanchangya]]
*** [[Varendri dialect|Varendri]] (North-Central Bengali)
** [[Kamarupi Prakrit|Kamarupic]]:
*** [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (Eastern Assamese)
*** [[Kamrupi dialects|Kamrupi]] (Western Assamese)
*** [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya]] (Western Assamese)
*** [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]]
*** [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]]
*** [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]]
*** [[Hajong language|Hajong]]
* '''Odia languages'''
** [[Odia Language|Odia Family]]
***[[Baleswari Odia|Baleswari]] (Northern Odia)
*** Kataki (Central Odia)
***[[Sambalpuri language |Sambalpuri]] (Western Odia)
***[[Sundargadi Odia|Sundargadi]] (Northwestern Odia)
***[[Kalahandia Odia|Kalahandia]] (Southwestern Odia)
***[[Desia language|Desia]] (Koraputia Odia)
***[[Ganjami Odia|Ganjami]] (Southern Odia)
** [[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]]
** [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]]
** [[Reli language|Reli]]
** [[Kupia language|Kupia]]
* '''[[Halbic languages|Halbic]]''':
** [[Halbi language|Halbi]], [[Kamar language|Kamar]], [[Bhunjia language (Halbic)|Bhunjia]], [[Nahari language|Nahari]]
{{Tree list/end}}

==Features==
Grammatical features of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages:<ref>{{harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=148}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Bengali !! Assamese !! Odia !! Rajbangshi !! Surjapuri !! Maithili !! Bhojpuri !! Tharu !! Sylheti
|-
| Instrumental || -t̪e, -ke d̪ie || -e, -er-e, di, -e-di || -e, -re, -d̪ei || -d̪i || sɛ || -e,e˜, sə˜, d̪ea || || le, leka || -re, di
|-
| Dative || -ke, -[e]re || -k, -ɒk || -ku || -k, -ɔk || -k, -ɔk || -ke˜ || -ke || -hənə || -gu, -gur
|-
| Ablative || -t̪ʰeke || -pɒra || -u, -ru, -ʈʰaru, -ʈʰiru || -hat̪ɛ, t̪ʰaki || -sɛ || -sə˜, -k -karəne || || se || -lagi, -tône
|-
| Genitive || -r, -er || -r, -ɒr || -rɔ || -r, -ɛr || -r, -ɛr || -ker (-k) || -kæ || -ək || -r, -ôr
|-
| Locative || -e, -t̪e || -t, -ɒt || -re || -t̪, -ɔt̪ || -t̪, -ɔt̪ || e, me, -hi, -tə || || -mə || -t, -ô
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=NNMvAAAAYAAJ ''A Comparative dictionary of the Bihārī language, Volume 1'' By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle, Sir George Abraham Grierson (1885)]
* {{cite thesis|type=PhD|first=Mathew W S|last=Toulmin|title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743|publisher=The Australian National University|year=2006}}

{{Northern Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages| ]]

Eastern Indo-Aryan languages - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 13:07, 22 August 2023