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{{expand Persian}}
{{Short description|Ancient city that served as the capital of the Median Empire}}
{{Infobox ancient site|name=Ecbatana|native_name=Hagmatana|alternate_name=|image=Ecbatana, Iran - 50897725026.jpg|alt=Ecbatana|caption=|map_type=Iran#Near East|type=Settlement|part_of=|length=|width=|area=|height=|builder=|material=|built=|abandoned=|epochs=|cultures=|dependency_of=|occupants=|event=|excavations=|archaeologists=|condition=Ruined|ownership=|management=|public_access=|website=|notes=}}
'''Ecbatana''' {{IPAc-en|ɛ|k|ˈ|b|æ|t|ən|ə}} ({{lang-peo|𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴}} ''Hagmatāna'' or ''Haŋmatāna'',{{Sfn|Stausberg|Vevaina|Tessmann|2015|p=394}} literally "the place of gathering" according to [[Darius the Great|Darius the Great's]] inscription at [[Bisotun]]; [[Persian language|Persian]]: هگمتانه; [[Middle Persian]]: 𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭{{rlm}}; [[Parthian language|Parthian]]: 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭕𐭍 ''Ahmadān''; [[Akkadian (language)|Akkadian]]: {{Cuneiform|akk|𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡}} ''<sup>KUR</sup>Agamtanu''; [[Elamite language|Elamite]]: 𒀝𒈠𒆪𒈾 ''Agmadana''; {{lang-arc|אַחְמְתָא}} ''ʾAḥməṯāʾ''; {{lang-grc|Ἀγβάτανα}} or {{lang|grc|[[wikt:Ἐκβάτανα|Ἐκβάτανα]]}}) was an ancient city, which was first the capital of [[Media (region)|Medes Empire]] in western [[Iran]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ecbatana {{!}} ancient city, Iran {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ecbatana |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and later became the summer capital of [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], and [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] empires.<ref name=":2">Nardo, Don. "Ecbatana." ''The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Ancient Mesopotamia'', edited by Robert B. Kebric, Greenhaven Press, 2007, pp. 97-98. ''Gale In Context: World History'', link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3205100129/WHIC?u=wylrc_uwyoming&sid=summon&xid=e9682d3c. Accessed 20 Nov. 2022.</ref> It was also an important city during the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] and [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] empires. It is believed that Ecbatana is located in the [[Zagros Mountains]], the east of central [[Mesopotamia]],<ref name=":2" /> on Hagmatana Hill (Tappe-ye Hagmatāna), an [[Tell (archaeology)|archaeological mound]] in modern [[Hamedan]] in [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]] mountains.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=80–84}}

== History ==
Ecbatana's strategic location and resources probably made it a popular site even before the 1st millennium B.C.E.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref> According to [[Herodotus]], Ecbatana was chosen as the [[Medes]]' capital in 678 BC by [[Deioces]], the first ruler of the [[Medes]].{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=80–84}} His intention was to build a palace worthy of the dignity of a king.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=1996 |title=Ecbatana (Hamadan) |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/ecbatana-hamadan/ |url-status=}}</ref> The [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrians]] do not seem to mention Ecbatana, and it is likely they never penetrated east of the [[Alvand]] despite two centuries of involvement in Median areas of the central Zagros.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Stuart C. |date=1986 |title=Media and Secondary State Formation in the Neo-Assyrian Zagros: An Anthropological Approach to an Assyriological Problem |journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=107–119 |doi=10.2307/1359955 |jstor=1359955 |s2cid=156425357 }}</ref> Ecbatana was captured by [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus II]] in 550 B.C, and under the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian kings]] and transferred its treasury to [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grayson |first1=Albert Kirk |title=Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles |date=2000 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-049-1 |oclc=954169399 }}{{page needed|date=December 2022}}</ref> Ecbatana, situated at the foot of [[Alvand|Mount Alvand]], became a summer royal residence and treasury until 330 BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kia |first=Mehrdad |title=The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-61069-390-5 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=18}}</ref> As mentioned in several sources, the city was used as a royal archive as evidenced by the fact that Cyrus's order for the rebuilding of the Jerusalem temple was found in the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jameson |first1=Michael H. |last2=Frye |first2=Richard N. |date=1964 |title=The Heritage of Persia |journal=The Classical World |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=155 |doi=10.2307/4345268 |jstor=4345268 }}</ref> In ancient times, Ecbatana was renowned for its wealth and splendid architecture.<ref>Pseudo-Aristotle, ''De mundo''</ref>
[[File:Andrea Vaccaro - Raguel's Blessing of her Daughter Sarah before Leaving Ecbatana with Tobias - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Raguel's Blessing of her Daughter Sarah before Leaving Ecbatana with Tobias, by [[Andrea Vaccaro]].]]
Later, it became the capital of the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] kings and was used as a summer residence (whereas [[Ctesiphon]] was used as the winter residence),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bunson |first1=Matthew |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Rome |date=2012 |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-8217-9 |page=183 }}</ref> when it became their main mint, producing [[drachm]]s, [[Tetradrachm#:~:text=The tetradrachm (Greek: τετράδραχμον,,borders of the Greek World.|tetradrachms]], and assorted [[bronze]] denominations. The wealth and importance of the city in the Persian Empire are attributed to its location on a crucial crossroads that made it a staging post on the main east–west highway called High-Road.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Sulimani |first=Iris |url=https://archive.org/details/diodorusmythisto00suli |title=Diodorus' Mythistory and the Pagan Mission: Historiography and Culture-heroes in the First Pentad of the Bibliotheke |publisher=BRILL |year=2011 |isbn=9789004194069 |location=Leiden |page=[https://archive.org/details/diodorusmythisto00suli/page/n220 204] |url-access=limited}}</ref> There was a reputation for horses and wheat in the area (Polybius, 5.44.1).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polybius |title=Histories |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/5*.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |at=5.44}}</ref> Graphite, gold, platinum, antimony, iron, and various minerals are found there; however, the classics mention oil seeps and flares, and there is no evidence of exploitation of resources.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Plutarch |title=Alexander |at=35.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pliny |title=Naturalis Historia |at=31.17}}</ref>

In 330 BC, [[Alexander the Great]] captured the Persian treasury at Ecbatana, and he looted the gold and silver decorations of the palace. The place was the site of the assassination of the [[Macedon]]ian general [[Parmenion]] by his order. {{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=80–84}}

Later, in 305 BC, the city was ruled by [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus I]], and [[Mithridates I of Parthia|Mithridates I]] in 147 BC. In 226 CE, it fell to [[Ardashir I]], and the Muslims, later in 642 CE.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195065121.001.0001 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-506512-1 }}{{page needed|date=December 2022}}</ref> The city was destroyed around 1220 by the [[Mongols]] invasion and sacked in 1386 by [[Timur]], and the population was slaughtered as a result.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hamadan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica }}</ref>

===Historical descriptions===

==== [[Herodotus|Herodotus of Halicarnassus]] description ====
[[File:Khorsabad_Salle_II_bas_relief_22_attaque_d'une_cité_mède.jpg|right|thumb|350x350px|Assyrian-era relief of a Median city built with walls forming concentric circles on a hill, similarly to how Greek authors later described Ecbatana.]]
The Greeks thought Ecbatana to be the capital of the [[Medes|Median empire]] and credited its foundation to [[Deioces]] (the ''Daiukku'' of the [[cuneiform]] inscriptions). It is alleged that he surrounded his palace in Ecbatana with seven concentric walls of different colors.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bienkowski |first1=Piotr |title=Dictionary of the Ancient Near East |last2=Millard |first2=Alan |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8122-2115-2 |location=Philadelphia, PA |page=99 |language=en}}</ref> There are some indications that the walls of this complex might be an ancient [[ziggurat]], which was a type of temple tower with multiple stories that were common in the ancient Near East.<ref name="Lendering 1996">{{Cite web |last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=1996 |title=Ecbatana (Hamadan) |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/ecbatana-hamadan/}}</ref> In the 5th century BC, [[Herodotus]] wrote of Ecbatana:<blockquote>"The Medes built the city now called Ecbatana, the walls of which are of great size and strength, rising in circles one within the other. The plan of the place is, that each of the walls should out-top the one beyond it by the battlements. The nature of the ground, which is a gentle hill, favors this arrangements in some degree but it is mainly effected by art. The number of the circles is seven, the royal palace and the treasuries standing within the last. The circuit of the outer wall is very nearly the same with that of Athens. On this wall the battlements are white, of the next black, of the third scarlet, of the fourth blue, the fifth orange; all these colors with paint. The last two have their battlements coated respectively with silver and gold. All these fortifications [[Deioces]] had caused to be raised for himself and his own palace."</blockquote>
[[File:Raguel's Reception of Tobias at Ecbatana MET DP801095.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Raquel's reception of Tobias at Ecbatana]]
Herodotus' description is corroborated in part by stone reliefs from the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], depicting Median citadels ringed by concentric walls. Other sources attest to the historical importance of Ecbatana based on the terms used by ancient authors to describe it such as ''Caput Mediae'' (capital of Media), the Royal Seat, and the Great City.<ref name=":02" /> It is said that Alexander the Great deposited the treasures he took from [[Persepolis]] and [[Pasargadae]] and that one of the last acts of his life was to visit the city.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Balfour |first=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283118 |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia |publisher=Bernard Quartitch |year=1885 |location=London |page=1027}}</ref>

The citadel of Ecbatana is also mentioned in the Bible in Ezra 6:2, in the time of [[Darius I]], as part of the national archives.

==== [[Nabonidus Chronicle|Chronicle of Nabonidus]] description ====
This ancient [[Babylonia]]n text from the 5th century BC describes how [[Astyages]], the last Median king, was dethroned and how [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] conquered Ecbatana.<blockquote>"King [[Astyages]] called up his troops and marched against [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]], king of [[Anshan (Persia)|Anšan]] [''i.e., Persis''], in order to meet him in battle. The army of Astyages revolted against him and delivered him in fetters to Cyrus. Cyrus marched against the country of Ecbatana; the royal residence he seized; silver, gold, other valuables of the country Ecbatana he took as booty and brought to Anšan."<ref name="Lendering 1996"/></blockquote>

==== [[Polybius|Polybius of Megalopolis]] description ====
In the 2nd Century BC, Polybius mentions writes about Ecbatana. He mentioned that the wealth and magnificence of its buildings make it stand out among all other cities. It has no walls but an artificial citadel with amazing fortifications. Underneath this is the palace which is about seven stories in circumference, and its magnificence shows the wealth of its founders. During his time, no parts of the woodwork were left exposed. There were silver or gold-plated rafters, compartments in the ceiling, and columns in the porticos and colonnades, and silver tiles were used throughout the structure. In the invasion by [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], most precious metals were stripped, while the remainder were stripped during [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]]' and [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]]' reigns. However, Antiochus found that the columns of the temple of Aene were still gilded and that several silver tiles were piled up around the temple along with some gold bricks (Polybius, 10.27).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |title=Polybius Histories |script-title= |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/10*.html#27 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |edition=Book 10-27}}</ref>

==Archaeology==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Coin of Artabanus II of Parthia.jpg
| image2 = Coin of Phraates III of Parthia.jpg
| footer = Some of the coins which were discovered at Ecbatana
| caption1 = [[Artabanus II]]
| caption2 = [[Phraates III]]
| image3 = Coin of Vonones I of Parthia.jpg
| caption3 = [[Vonones I]]
| image4 = Coin of Osroes I (cropped), Ecbatana mint.jpg
| caption4 = [[Osroes I]]
| image6 = Coin of Vologases V, Ecbatana mint.jpg
| caption6 = [[Vologases V]]
| image7 = Coin of Mithridates II of Parthia with a horse depicted on reverse, Ecbatana mint.jpg
| caption7 = [[Mithridates II]]
| image8 = Coin of Demetrius I Soter, minted in Ecbatana.jpg
| caption8 = [[Demetrius I]]
}}

Topographically, Hamadan is characterized by three hills, Mosalla (place of prayer), Tell Hagmatana (Tappa-ye Hagmatana), Sang-e Sir, and the Alusjerd river, which flows from north to south, separates the city into two parts.<ref name=":3" />

The summit of the Moṣallā, an 80 meters high rock hill in the southeast sector, contains stone and brick remnants of a rectangular citadel marked by towers, and is believed to be the Median citadel which dates back no earlier than the Parthian era.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Flandin |first=Eugène |title=Voyage en Perse |publisher=Paris, Gide et J. Baudry |year=1851 |page=390}}</ref>

The Tell Hagmatana, also called Tepe Hegmataneh (thought to correspond to the ancient citadel of Ecbatana) has a circumference of 1.4 kilometers and an area of about 40 hectares, which corresponds to a report from [[Polybius]], although the ancient Greek and Roman accounts likely exaggerate Ecbatana's wealth, splendor, and extravagance.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=80–84}} Relatively few finds thus far can be firmly dated to the Median era. There is a "small, open-sided room with four corner columns supporting a domed ceiling, similar to a Median-era structure from [[Noushijan Tappe|Tepe Nush-i Jan]], interpreted as a [[Zoroastrian]] [[fire temple]].<ref>Michael Stausberg, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=cm_-CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA394&dq=Hagmatana ''The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism''] (2015), p. 394</ref> Excavations have revealed a massive defensive wall made of mud-bricks, and dated to the Median period based on a comparison to Tepe Nush-i Jan and [[Godin Tepe]]. There are also two column bases from the Achaemenid period, and some mud-brick structures thought to be from the Median or Achaemenid periods. A badly-damaged stone lion sculpture is of disputed date: it may be Achaemenid or Parthian. Numerous Parthian-era constructions attest to Ecbatana's status as a summer capital for the Parthian rulers.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=80–84}} In 2006, excavations in a limited area of Hagmatana hill failed to discover anything older than the Parthian period, but this does not rule out older archaeological layers existing elsewhere within the 35-hectare site.<ref>[http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=6905 CHN | News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218163944/http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=6905|date=2007-02-18}}</ref>

Ecbatana was first excavated in 1913 by [[Charles Fossey]].<ref name=Chevalier1989>{{cite journal |last1=Chevalier |first1=N |title=Hamadan 1913: Une mission oubliée in Mélanges P. Amiet II |journal=Iranica Antiqua |date=1989 |volume=24 |pages=245–253 |id={{INIST|11836944}} {{ProQuest|1297871996}} |doi=10.2143/ia.24.0.2014036 }}</ref> Fossey discovered fragments of column bases adorned with arabesques and inscriptions, glazed bricks, and faience tiles during the course of the six-week excavation of Mosalla. Based on his chance discoveries, it looks like the 30 meters high mound, Tell Hagmatana, is the site of the Median citadel and Achaemenid royal construction. The sculptured head of a prince was found during the three months excavation of eastern section.<ref name=Chevalier1989/> Excavations have been limited due to the modern town covering most of the ancient site.<ref>Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA121&dq=ecbatana ''The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1''] (2012), p. 121]</ref> In 1969, the Ministry of Culture and Art began buying property on the [[Tell (archaeology)|tell]] in support of archaeology, though excavation did not begin until 1983. By 2007, 12 seasons of excavation had occurred.<ref>Azarnoosh, Masoud, The Report of Stratigraphic Excavations in Hegmataneh, Hamedan. The Ninth Annual Congress of Archaeology (In Persian). Tehran: Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, 2007</ref> In 1974, the Iranian Centre for Archeological Research performed some excavation in the Parthian cemetery located at southeast of Hamedan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kleiss |first1=Wolfram |last2=Delougaz |first2=P. P. |last3=Kantor |first3=Helene J. |last4=Dollfus |first4=G. |last5=Smith |first5=Philip E. L. |last6=Bivar |first6=A. D. H. |last7=Fehérvári |first7=G. |last8=Azarnoush |first8=Massoud |last9=Dyson |first9=Robert H. |last10=Pigott |first10=Vincent C. |last11=Tosi |first11=Maurizio |last12=Sumner |first12=William M. |last13=Whitehouse |first13=David |last14=Stronach |first14=David |last15=Naumann |first15=Rudolf |last16=Mortensen |first16=Peder |last17=T. C. Young |first17=Jr. |last18=Zagarell |first18=A. |title=Survey of Excavations in Iran: 1973-74 |journal=Iran |date=1975 |volume=13 |pages=172–193 |doi=10.2307/4300535 |jstor=4300535 }}</ref> The work on the tell is ongoing.<ref>[http://ijas.usb.ac.ir/article_1450_667b2a8e8e37495ff452d7ec681b7d2b.pdf], Yaghoub Mohammadifar et al, Preliminary Report of the 16th Season of Excavations at Tepe Hegmataneh; Hamedan, Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies 2: 2 (2012)</ref>

==Ecbatana/Hagmatana==
Historians and archaeologists now believe "the identification of Ecbatana with Hamadān is secure." Earlier, a lack of significant archaeological remains from the Median and Achaemenid periods had prompted suggestions of other sites for Ecbatana.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=80–84}}

[[Assyria]]n sources never mention Hagmatana/Ecbatana. Some scholars believed the problem can be resolved by identifying the Ecbatana/Hagmatana mentioned in later Greek and Achaemenid sources with the city Sagbita/Sagbat frequently mentioned in Assyrian texts, since the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] sound /s/ became /h/ in many [[Iranian languages]]. The Sagbita mentioned by Assyrian sources was located in the proximity of the cities Kishesim (Kar-Nergal) and Harhar (Kar-Sharrukin).<ref>{{Cite web |title=I.N. Medvedskaya, Were the Assyrians at Ecbatana?, Jan, 2002 |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-132797080.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615051317/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-132797080.html |archive-date=2011-06-15 |access-date=2007-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Medvedskaya |first=I.N. |year=2002 |title=Were the Assyrians at Ecbatana? |work=International Journal of Kurdish Studies |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SBL/is_16/ai_n13810182/pg_5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711051721/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SBL/is_16/ai_n13810182/pg_5 |archive-date=2012-07-11}}</ref>

It is now proposed that the absence of any mention of Ecbatana in Assyrian sources can be explained by the possibility that Assyria never became involved as far east as the [[Alvand]] mountains, but only in the western [[Zagros]].{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=80–84}}

[[Sir Henry Rawlinson]] attempted to prove that there was a second and older Ecbatana in ''Media [[Atropatene]]'' on the site of the modern [[Takht-e Soleymān|Takht-i-Suleiman]]. However, the cuneiform texts imply that there was only one city of the name, and that ''Takht-i Suleiman'' is the [[Ganzak|Gazaca]] of classical geography. There is also the claim that Ecbatana used to be the city of [[Tabriz]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Turley |first1=Jeffrey |title=The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shāh ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain |last2=Souza |first2=George Bryan |publisher=BRILL |year=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-34631-4 |location=Leiden |page=421}}</ref> which is one of the historical capitals of Iran and the present capital of [[East Azerbaijan Province|East Azerbaijan province]]. The city, which was previously called Tauris, was put forward by John-Thomas Minadoi, who cited that his identification of the city was based on data collected from modern and ancient geographers, recent travel accounts, and local informants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siraisi |first=Nancy |title=History, Medicine, and the Traditions of Renaissance Learning |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-472-11602-7 |location=Ann Arbor |page=257}}</ref> This theory was also promoted by other historians, such as Sir William Jones and the chief French orientalists.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society of Biblical Archaeology |title=Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Volume 15 |publisher=Society of Biblical Archaeology |year=1893 |location=Bloomsbury |page=426}}</ref>

Ecbatana is the supposed capital of [[Astyages]] (''Istuvegü''), which was taken by the Persian emperor [[Cyrus the Great]] in the sixth year of Nabonidus (550/549 BC).

==Ecbatana Museum==
[[File:Hegmataneh Museum, Ecbatana, Iran.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Two Achaemenid [[cuneiform]] inscriptions, kept at the Ecbatana Museum.]]
Encompassing an area of over 600 square meters, the Ecbatana Museum is placed in the center of the ancient hill. The building used to be a six-class school during the 1940s which was converted into the Center of [[Archaeology]] in 1971 after a period of extensive excavations and discoveries. It was later in 1993 when the school was officially changed into the Ecbatana Museum through some restoration and construction projects and it currently includes a main room and two halls. The museum has two parts: Historical and [[Islam]]ic, the former is on display in the western hall and the latter in the eastern one. The objects here are over 200, which the oldest one is a huge pottery container belonged to fifth millennium B.C. The main collections located in the museum are: pottery collection (large jars used for conserving food), stone, bone, metal objects, stone and pottery coffins belonged to Parthians, different kinds of Islamic gravestones with Kufic, Thuluth and Nastaliq inscriptions, decorative jars and stones of Islamic history, the base of Achaemenid columns discovered from their palaces, stone and glass seals, and pottery cow head of Achaemenids. A significant amount of the artefacts that were discovered from the ancient city of Ecbatana are kept at this museum today, with some others at the [[National Museum of Iran]] and [[Reza Abbasi Museum]].

==Noushijan Fire Temple ==
[[File:Abdoli.jpg|thumb|350x350px|The Noushijan Fire Temple]]
Noushijan [[fire temple]] is one of the most important and oldest fire temples in the world, which is near Ecbatana. In 1967, the excavations of this place began under the supervision of [[David Stronach]], which led to the identification of three historical periods in three separate floors. The third floor belongs to the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]], the second floor belongs to the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenids]], and the first floor belongs to the [[Medes]]. This place was the most important fire temple of the Medes from the second half of the 8th century to the first half of the 6th century BC, and it is now one of the most important structures left from the time of the Medes.

==See also==
{{Portal|Asia|History
}}

* [[Cities of the Ancient Near East]]
* [[Cartele Abad]], village 80 miles to the north
* [[Kassites]]

==Notes==
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

==Sources==

* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1997 |title=Ecbatana |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ecbatana |last=Brown |first=Stuart C. |pages=80–84}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stausberg |first1=Michael |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism |last2=Vevaina |first2=Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw |last3=Tessmann |first3=Anna |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |year=2015 |author-link1=Michael Stausberg}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ecbatana}}

* [http://www.hegmataneh.ir/ Official Ecbatana website]
* [http://www.irna.ir/en/News/82679593 Archeological explorations in Hegmataneh enter 20th season]
{{Median topics}}{{Iranian Architecture}}{{Hamadan Province}}

Ecbatana - Revision history

CleanupBot at 05:33, 24 November 2023