IrisClow72785038 at 20:53, 24 March 2026

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Modern education was introduced to [[Maharashtra]] region during the 19th century by British colonial administration.
Census of 2011 showed literacy rates in the state for males and females were around 78% and 67% respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=C-8 Educational Level By Age And Sex For Population Age 7 And Above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/C-08/DDW-2700C-08.xlsx|website=Census of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531202452/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-series/C-08/DDW-2700C-08.xlsx|archive-date=31 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
Education at different levels in the state is provided by the state, government supported charities, or private institutions. There are also a number of institutes offering vocational training.

== History ==
American Marathi Mission, Scottish presbyterian missionary [[John Wilson (missionary)|John Wilson]], Indian nationalists such as [[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], social reformers such as [[Jyotirao Phule]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] and [[Bhaurao Patil]] all played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges during the British colonial era.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Personality and Philosophy of Lokmanya B.G. Tilak |url=http://www.ncte-india.org/pub/tilak/section3.htm |website=ncte-india.org/ |publisher=NCTE: National Council For Teacher Education |access-date=29 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705182851/http://www.ncte-india.org/pub/tilak/section3.htm |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahatma Jotiba Phule: An Educational Philosopher|url=http://sikhinstitute.org/oct_2011/13-rajni_marwaha.html|website=sikhinstitute.org/|publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218044634/http://sikhinstitute.org/oct_2011/13-rajni_marwaha.html|archive-date=18 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. B.R.Ambedkar's Contribution To Buddhist Education|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-waghmare160207.htm|website=countercurrents.org/|publisher=Counter Currents news portal|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903113049/http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-waghmare160207.htm|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Smith2012">{{cite book|author=George Smith|title=Life of John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S.: For Fifty Years Philanthropist and Scholar in the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYqwdb1ZUEC&pg=PA50|date=7 June 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-05045-6|page=50|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYqwdb1ZUEC&pg=PA50|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The forerunner of [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] was established in 1821. The [[Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University]], the oldest women's liberal arts college in south Asia, started its journey in 1916. [[College of Engineering Pune]], established in 1854, is the third oldest college in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School|url=http://www.coep.org.in/|publisher=College of Engineering, Pune|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929220235/http://www.coep.org.in/|archive-date=29 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Government Polytechnic Nagpur]], established in 1914, is one of the oldest polytechnics in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/easy_cms_gpnagpur/2017/msbtetrainingbrochure.pdf|title=Government Polytechnic, Nagpur Training Brochure|year=2018|pages=http://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614050333/http://www.gpnagpur.ac.in/easy_cms_gpnagpur/2017/msbtetrainingbrochure.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Primary and secondary level ==
[[File:Students of a Maharashtra Primary School (9601442866).jpg|right|thumb|Students at a state-run primary school in [[Raigad district]].]]
Maharashtra schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. It is mandatory for local authorities to provide primary education under state law. However, secondary education is an optional duty.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms|title=Govt dissolves education board; schools now under Pune Municipal Corporation's wing - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202110818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757|title=Maharashtra Assembly passes bill allowing private companies to open schools in state, sets guidelines|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202154012/https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Public primary schools in the rural and urban are run by the area [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] or the municipal corporations respectively. Private schools are run mainly by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities. Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government.<ref name="ccsindia.org">Joshi, R., Regulatory Requirements for Starting a School in Poona. Centre for Civil Society, CCS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PAPERS 2004 [http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030245/http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf |date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
Instruction is mainly in Marathi, English or Hindi, though [[Urdu]] is also used. Physical education is mandatory.<ref name="BromberKrawietz2013">{{cite book|author1=Katrin Bromber|author2=Birgit Krawietz|author3=Joseph Maguire|title=Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LYZQyDBvRIC&pg=PA121|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-88438-9|page=139}}</ref>
The secondary schools are affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)]], the [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open School (NIOS)]] or the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]. Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]], also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely [[liberal arts]], commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs at colleges affiliated to a university.

== Tertiary level ==
[[File:AFMC Main Building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=AFMC Pune|[[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]], was one of the institutions established after the Indian independence movement]]
Maharashtra has 24 universities with a turnout of 160,000 Graduates every year.<ref name="educational institute">{{cite web|title=State University|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=2|publisher=University Grants Commission|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422051850/http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=2|archive-date=22 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=universities>{{cite web|title=Universities of Maharashtra|url=http://www.educationinfoindia.com/maharashtradir.htm|publisher=Education information of India|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915133355/http://www.educationinfoindia.com/maharashtradir.htm|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. The [[University of Mumbai]], is the largest university in the world in terms of the number of graduates and has 141 affiliated colleges.<ref name=colleges>{{cite web|title=Mumbai University Affiliated Colleges |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges.html |publisher=University of Mumbai |access-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509004327/http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges.html |archive-date=9 May 2014 }}</ref>
According to prominent national rankings, 5 to 7 Maharashtra colleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in India.<ref name="top colleges">{{cite news|title=10 Indian universities in developing nations top 100 list|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/10-Indian-universities-in-developing-nations-top-100-list/articleshow/26916987.cms|access-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211201523/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/10-Indian-universities-in-developing-nations-top-100-list/articleshow/26916987.cms|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's Best Universities for 2013|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=5&Y=2013|access-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518020839/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=5&Y=2013|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top colleges in state|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=8&Y=2013|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518013312/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=8&Y=2013|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maharashtra is also home to such notable autonomous institutes as [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], [[College of Engineering Pune]] (CoEP), [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University]], [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]], [[Walchand College of Engineering]], [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]] (VNIT) and [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI), [[Sardar Patel College of Engineering]] (SPCE).<ref name="autonomous colleges">{{cite web|title=List of autonomous institutes in Maharashtra|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/374autocolleges_april11.pdf|publisher=University Grants Commission|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102205937/http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/374autocolleges_april11.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of these autonomous institutes are ranked the highest in India and have very competitive entry requirements. The [[University of Pune]] (now [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]), the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune|Armed Forces Medical College]] and [[National Chemical Laboratory]] were established in Pune soon after the Indian independence in 1947. Mumbai has an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]], has [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]] and Nagpur has [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIM]] and [[AIIMS]].

Some of the notable institutes in the state are: [[Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur]] (MNLUN), [[Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai]] (MNLUM), [[Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad]] (MNLUA), [[Government Law College, Mumbai]] (GLC), [[ILS Law College]], and [[Symbiosis Law School]] (SLS).

Maharashtra has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions. Most of the private colleges were set up in the last forty years after the State Government of [[Vasantdada Patil]] liberalised the Education Sector in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhosale|first1=Jayashree|title=Economic Times: Despite private participation Education lacks quality in Maharashtra|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|access-date=6 October 2014|date=10 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010054204/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|archive-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Politicians and leaders involved in the huge cooperative movement in Maharashtra were instrumental in setting up the private institutes<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dahiwale Vol. 30, No. 6 (11 February 1995), pp.|first1=S. M.|title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1995|volume=30|issue=6|pages=341–342|jstor=4402382}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baviskar|first1=B. S.|title=Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2007|volume=42|issue=42|pages=4217–4219|jstor=40276570}}</ref>
There are also local [[community colleges]] with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=October 2016}}.
[[File:PDKV Akola - Agricultural University.png|thumb|right|Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural university) at Akola]]
The state also has four agricultural universities namely [[Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University]], [[Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth]], [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]] and [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]],<ref name="mcaer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcaer.org/|title=Welcome to MCAER official website|publisher=mcaer.org|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929163851/http://www.mcaer.org/|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> besides these, there are other regional universities like [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]], [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], [[North Maharashtra University]], [[Shivaji University]], [[Solapur University]], [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]] and [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]], all well established and nationally renowned, to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state. Apart from this, there are a number of [[Deemed university|deemed universities]] in Maharashtra, including [[Symbiosis International University]], [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], and [[Tilak Maharashtra University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Deemed Universities|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/deemedunivertisite.pdf|website=aicte-india.org|publisher=[[All India Council for Technical Education]]|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219220504/http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/deemedunivertisite.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Vocational training ==
The state has many post-secondary school [[industrial training institute]]s (ITIs) run by the government and private trusts that offer vocational training in numerous trades such as construction, plumbing, welding, automobile mechanic etc. Successful candidates receive the National Trade Certificate.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=James (editor)|last2=Melsens|first2=S|last3=Mangaonkar – Vaiude|first3=P|last4=Bertels|first4=Inge (Authors)|title=Building Histories: the Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Construction History Society Conference|date=2017|publisher=The Construction History Society|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=978-0-9928751-3-8|pages=27–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93kkDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Industrial+training+institute%22++pune&pg=PA27|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> In 2012 approximately 1,50,000 (113644 in ITIs and 35512 in ITCs) students were enrolled in programs run by these organizations.<ref>Mujumdar, M.S.S., 2012. A Study of Significance of Vocationalization of Education and Skill Development in India-with special reference to the State of Maharashtra. Unpublished PhD Thesis). Symbiosis International University, Pune, India. MHRD.(2014). Revised Scheme of Vocationalization of Higher Secondary Education, Department of School Education and Literacy. New Delhi: MHRD.[http://www.scdl.net/pdf/PhDThesis.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123125722/http://www.scdl.net/pdf/PhDThesis.pdf |date=23 November 2018 }} page 32</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Categories==

[[Category:Education in Maharashtra| ]]

Education in Maharashtra - Revision history

IrisClow72785038 at 20:53, 24 March 2026