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{{main|Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Eelam War I
| partof = the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{ubl|{{Start and end dates|1983|7|23|1987|7|29|df=yes}}<br />({{Age in years, months and days|1983|7|23|1987|7|29}})}}
| place = [[Sri Lanka]]
| coordinates =
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| territory =
| result = Peace deal negotiated by [[India]], and arrival of [[IPKF|Indian peacekeepers]]
| status =
| combatant1 = {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
*{{army|Sri Lanka}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|15px}} [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} '''[[J.R. Jayewardene]]'''<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sri Lankan Army.png|15px}} [[Lieutenant General|Lt. Gen]] [[T. I. Weerathunga]]<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sri Lankan Army.png|15px}} [[Lieutenant General|Lt. Gen]] [[Nalin Seneviratne]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|15px}} [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]
| commander3 =
| strength1 =
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| casualties1 =
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| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Eelam War I}}
{{Campaignbox Sri Lankan Civil War}}
}}
'''Eelam War I''' (23 July 1983 - 29 July 1987) is the name given to the initial phase of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War|armed conflict]] between the government of [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[LTTE]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Castellano |first=Isaac M |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/civil-war-interventions-and-their-benefits-unequal-return/oclc/1030344604 |title=Civil War Interventions and Their Benefits: Unequal Return. |date=2015 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-8887-3 |location=Lanham |pages=131 |language=English |oclc=1030344604}}</ref>

Although tensions between the government and Tamil militant groups had been brewing since the 1970s, full-scale war did not break out until an attack by the LTTE on a [[Sri Lanka Army]] patrol in [[Jaffna]], in the north of the country, on July 23, 1983, which killed 13 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skaine |first=Rosemarie |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/suicide-warfare-culture-the-military-and-the-individual-as-a-weapon/oclc/845245192 |title=Suicide warfare: culture, the military, and the individual as a weapon |date=2013 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-313-39864-3 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif |pages=163 |language=English |oclc=845245192}}</ref> The attack, and the subsequent riots in the south (dubbed [[Black July]]), are generally considered the start of the conflict.
The fighting continued until 1985 when peace talks were held between the two sides in [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] in hopes of seeking a negotiated settlement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Ballance |first=Edgar |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/cyanide-war-tamil-insurrection-in-sri-lanka-1973-88/oclc/1000745010 |title=The cyanide war: Tamil insurrection in Sri Lanka, 1973-88 |publisher=Brassey's (UK) ; Pergamon Press [distributor for the U.S. |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-08-036695-1 |location=London; Washington [D.C.]; Elmsford, N.Y., USA |pages=50 |language=English |oclc=1000745010}}</ref> The peace talks proved as fruitless and fighting soon resumed.

In 1987, the [[Vadamarachchi Operation]] of the [[Military of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan military]] had cornered the LTTE in Jaffna, on the tip of the island, and were confident of bringing an end to the conflict. However, due to internal pressure, specifically concern about the 50 million Tamils living in [[India]], the Indian government called for a halt to the offensive. After the request was snubbed by Sri Lanka, the Indian [[Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] ordered a flotilla of ships be sent to relieve the economic embargo imposed on the population in Jaffna. After the convoy was blocked by the [[Sri Lanka Navy]], India instead chose to airdrop supplies to the besieged city in a mission codenamed [[Operation Poomalai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE0D8173FF936A35755C0A961948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fIndia|title=India Airlifts Aid To Tamil Rebels|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref>

Following the successful completion of the mission, and faced with the possibility of further involvement of the Indian military, including reports that Indian ground forces were being prepared for possible involvement in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka President J. R. Jayewardene held talks with the Indian government to resolve the dispute. As a result of the negotiations, the siege of Jaffna was lifted and the [[Indo-Sri-Lankan accord|Indo-Sri-Lankan Peace Accord]] was signed on July 29, 1987. Sri Lankan troops then withdraw from the north of the country and handed over control over the entire area to Indian [[peacekeeping]] troops named the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]. This brought about an end to the first stage of the ethnic conflict.

== First suicide bombing ==
{{main|Captain Miller}}
In this armed conflict, the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] launched its first suicide attack with a truck bombing. On 5 July 1987, a suicide bomber [[Captain Miller]] drove a truck loaded with explosives and rammed the truck into the army camp at Nelliady Madhya Maha Vidyalayam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tamkin |first1=Emily |title=Sri Lanka is all too familiar with suicide bombing |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/04/22/sri-lanka-is-all-too-familiar-with-suicide-bombing/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=Washington Post |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |date=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Halder |first=Radhika |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/understanding-suicide-terrorism/oclc/1114504557 |title=Understanding suicide terrorism |last2=Patney |first2=Vinod |last3=KW Publishers (New Delhi |first3=India) |last4=Centre for Air Power Studies (New Delhi |first4=India) |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-367-43838-8 |language=English |oclc=1114504557}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two decades later, LTTE suicide bombers live on {{!}} Asia News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/two-decades-later-ltte-suicide-bombers-live-on_380883.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=Zee News |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=5 July 2007 |language=en}}</ref> At least 40 Sri Lankan army were killed in that incident.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Simanti |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/suicide-protest-in-south-asia-consumed-by-commitment/oclc/876346345 |title=Suicide protest in South Asia: consumed by commitment |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-82099-8 |location=London |pages=113 |language=English |oclc=876346345}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hawdon |first=James |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/causes-and-consequences-of-group-violence-from-bullies-to-terrorists/oclc/1200098709 |title=The causes and consequences of group violence from bullies to terrorists |last2=Ryan |first2=John |last3=Lucht |first3=Marc |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-7391-8897-2 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=98, 99 |language=English |oclc=1200098709}}</ref>

==Civilian killings==

===Black July===
{{main|Black July}}
On July 24, the day the 13 servicemen killed in an LTTE ambush were to be buried, some [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] civilians who had gathered at the cemetery, angered by news of the ambush, which was magnified by wild rumor,<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Ballance |first=Edgar |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/cyanide-war-tamil-insurrection-in-sri-lanka-1973-88/oclc/1000745010 |title=The cyanide war: Tamil insurrection in Sri Lanka, 1973-88 |publisher=Brassey's (UK) ; Pergamon Press [distributor for the U.S. |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-08-036695-1 |location=London; Washington [D.C.]; Elmsford, N.Y., USA |pages=22 |language=English |oclc=1000745010}}</ref> formed [[crowd|mobs]] and started killing, raping, and assaulting Tamils while looting and burning their properties in retribution for what happened. Sinhalese civilians were equipped with voter registration lists, burning and attacking only Tamil residences and business, while army and government officials stood by. Even Sinhalese civilians who harbored Tamil families in their households (or suspected of doing so) were set upon by the mobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/vanakam-fable-and-sinhalese-helping-hands|title=Vanakam Fable and the Sinhalese helping hands.|publisher=Asiantribune.com|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051459/http://www.asiantribune.com/vanakam-fable-and-sinhalese-helping-hands|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is estimated that at least 1,000[1] Tamil people were killed, tens of thousands of houses were destroyed, and a wave of Sri Lankan Tamils left for other countries

===Kent and Dollar Farm massacres===
{{main|Kent and Dollar Farm massacres}}

In November 1984, Sinhalese convicts were settled in the Kent and Dollar farms after the Tamil civilians living there were evicted by the Sri Lankan Army. The settlement of prisoners was used to further harass Tamils into leaving the area. The Sinhala settlers confirmed that young Tamil women were abducted, brought there and gang-raped, first by the forces, next by prison guards and finally by prisoners.<ref>Rajan Hoole – The Arrogance of Power, Chapter 14, Section 3 - On to Weli Oya (2001)</ref><ref>T.Sabaratnam - Pirapaharan Chapter 23, Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya (2004)</ref><ref name=":1">University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna) Sri Lanka, Information Bulletin No.4, 13 February 1995, Padaviya-Weli Oya: bearing the burden of ideology http://www.uthr.org/bulletins/bul4.htm</ref>

Following this settlement, the LTTE committed their first massacre of Sinhalese civilians. The massacres took place on November 30, 1984, in two tiny farming villages in the district of Mullaitivu in north-eastern Sri Lanka.

===Anuradhapura massacre===
{{main|Anuradhapura massacre}}
The Anuradhapura massacre is an incident on May 14, 1985, in which LTTE cadres massacred 146 Sinhalese men, women, and children in Anuradhapura. The LTTE hijacked a bus and entered Anuradhapura. As the LTTE cadres entered the main bus station, they opened fire indiscriminately with automatic weapons killing and wounding many civilians who were waiting for buses. LTTE cadres then drove to the Buddhist Sri Maha Bobhi shrine and gunned down nuns, monks and civilians as they prayed inside the Buddhist shrine. Before they withdraw, the LTTE strike force entered the national park of Wilpattu and killed 18 Sinhalese in the forest reserve. The attack was allegedly sparked by the [[1985 Valvettiturai massacre]], where the Sri Lanka Army massacred 70 Tamil civilians in the LTTE's leader hometown.<ref>M.R.R.Hoole, The Tamil Secessionist Movement in Sri Lanka (Ceylon): A Case of Secession by Default? http://www.uthr.org/Rajan/selfdet.htm</ref>

==See also==
*[[Origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War]]
*{{C|Phases of the Sri Lankan Civil War}}
*[[Eelam War II]]
*[[Eelam War III]]
*[[Eelam War IV]]
*[[List of Sri Lankan Civil War battles]]
*[[List of attacks attributed to the LTTE]]
*[[Sri Lankan Civil War]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.defence.lk/ Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060112015449/http://www.peaceinsrilanka.org/ Government of Sri Lanka Peace Secretariat]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509081557/http://www.ltteps.org/ LTTE Peace Secretariat]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070710120517/http://www.slmm.lk/ Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission]
*[http://www.tamilnet.com/ Tamilnet]

{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}

[[Category:Eelam War I| ]]
[[Category:Phases of the Sri Lankan Civil War]]
[[Category:1980s in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1980s conflicts]]
[[Category:Guerrilla wars]]
[[Category:Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]
[[Category:Military history of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1983 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1984 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1985 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1986 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1987 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Civil War]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

Eelam War I - Revision history

Bot at 10:00, 12 August 2022