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{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{redirect|Ekambaranathar Temple|other temples|Ekambareswarar Temple (disambiguation){{!}}Ekambareswarar Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ekambareswarar Temple <br> Arulmigu Kanchi Ekambaranathar Thirukovil
| image = Ekambareswarar5.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India #Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|50|51|N|79|42|00|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district =
| locale = Kanchipuram
| elevation_m =
| deity = Ekambaranathar ([[Shiva]]) <br> Elavarkuzhali ([[Parvati]])
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Pallava]], [[Chola]] kings
| website =
}}
'''Ekambareswarar Temple''' ('''Kanchi Ekambaranathar Thirukkovil''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the god [[Shiva]], located in the town of [[Kanchipuram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="let">{{cite book|title=Let's Go India and Nepal, 8th Ed.|publisher=Let's Go Publications|pages=585}}</ref> It is significant to the Hindu sect of [[Saivism]] as one of the temples associated with the five elements, the ''[[Pancha Bhoota Stalam|Pancha Bhoota Stala]]s'', and specifically the element of earth, or [[Prithvi]]. Shiva is worshiped as Ekambareswarar or Ekambaranathar or Rajalingeswaram, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' as ''Prithvi lingam''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Elavarkuzhali.

The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple complex covers {{convert|25|acre|ha|order=flip}}, and is one of the largest in India. It houses four gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The tallest is the southern tower, with 11 stories and a height of {{convert|58.5216|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, making it one of the tallest temple towers in India. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Ekambareswarar and the [[Vishnu]] shrine - [[Nilathingal Thundam Perumal temple|Nilathingal Thundam Perumal]] (a [[Divyadesam]])<ref name="Sajnani">[[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)#Sajnani|Sajnani 2001]], pp. 305</ref> being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls; the most notable is the thousand-pillared hall built during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar period]].

The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 3:30~4:00 a.m. to 10 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. [[Panguni Uthiram]] festival celebrated for thirteen days during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Panguni'' (March - April) is the most prominent festival of the temple and the town.<ref>[[Panguni Uthiram]] at Lord Ekambaranathar Temple [http://www.ekambaranathartemple.tnhrce.in/festivals.html]</ref>

The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to Vijayanagar rulers. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The temple is the largest and one of the most prominent tourist attractions in the city.<ref>[[#Gopal|Gopal 1990]], p. 177</ref>

==Legend==
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Legend has it that once [[Parvati]], the consort of Shiva, wanted to expiate herself from sin by doing [[Tapas (Indian religions)|penance]] under a mango tree near Vegavati river.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=44}}</ref><ref name="Ayyar71">[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1991]], pp. 71-72</ref> In order to test her devotion Shiva sent fire on her. Parvati prayed to the god Vishnu. Vishnu brought the Moon whose rays cooled down the tree and Parvati. Shiva again sent the river Ganga ([[Ganges]]) to disrupt Parvati's penance. Parvati convinced [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] that since they were sisters, she should not harm Parvati. Parvati worshipped a [[lingam|Shiva Linga]] out of sand to please Shiva. Ultimately, Shiva appeared before her as Ekambareswarar or "Lord of Mango Tree".<ref name="Rajaiah">For derivation of Ekambareswarar, see: Rajaiah, section A King for Kings</ref>

According to another legend, Parvati worshipped Shiva in the form of a ''Prithvi Lingam'' (or a Lingam out of sand), under a mango tree.<ref name="let"/> Legend has it that the Vegavati river overflowed, threatening to engulf the Shiva Lingam; Parvati as [[Kamakshi]] embraced the Lingam. Shiva touched by the gesture materialized in person and married her. In this context he is referred to as ''Tazhuva kuzhainthaar'' ("He who melted in Her embrace") in Tamil.

[[Tiru Kurippu Thonda Nayanar|Tirukuripputhonda Nayanar]], a [[nayanars|nayanar]] saint, was a washerman near the temple and he washed the clothes of all the Saivities. He was divinely tricked by Shiva appearing as an aged [[brahmin]] and asked him to wash before dawn. At the same time, Shiva made a cloudly evening. On observing the approach of the evening, the washerman banged his head in a stone in disappointment. God appeared in his true form and graced his devotee.<ref name="Ayyar71"/>

==History==
{{Multiple image
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| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 600
| image1 = Ekambareswarar11.jpg
| image2 = Ekambareswarar13.jpg
| image3 =Ekambareswarar Temple, Kanchipuram ornated pillars 2K22TNKAN (123).jpg
| image4 = Ekambareswarar Temple, Kanchipuram ornated pillars 2K22TNKAN (130).jpg
| footer = Sculptures on the temple walls
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
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}}
[[File:Nowicki Kazimierz - zdjecia, Indie, Tamil Nadu, Kanchipuram, Ekambareswarar Temple, 1961.01.25 (1) DUZE.jpg|thumb|The gopuram of Ekambareswarar Temple (1961).]]
[[File:Ekambareswarar6.jpg|250px|thumb|Shrines inside the temple]]
This vast temple is one of the most ancient in India having been in existence since at least 600 CE. Second-century-CE Tamil poetry speaks of ''Kama kottam'', and the ''Kumara kottam'' (currently the Kamakashi Amman temple and the Subramanya temple). The temple finds mention in the classical [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]] dated 300 BCE like ''[[Manimekalai|Manimegalai]]'' and ''[[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]]''.<ref name=Diwakar/> Initially temple was built by [[Pallavas]]. The Vedantist [[Kachiyapper]] served as a priest at the temple. The existing structure then, was pulled down and rebuilt by the later [[Chola]] Kings. [[Adi Sankara]], the 10th-century saint got Kanchipuram remodelled along with expansion of this temple along with [[Kamakshi Amman temple]] and [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja Perumal Temple]] with the help of local rulers.<ref>[[#Rao|Rao 2008]], p. 43</ref>

There are inscriptions dated 1532 CE (record 544 of 1919) indicating the gift of number of villages made by Achutaraya.<ref name="Vridd"/> Vira Narasingaraya Saluva Nayaka who was directed by Achutaraya broke the royal order by giving more lands to Ekambaranathar temple than the Varadaraja Swamy temple against the instruction of an equal gift to either of the temples. Achutaraya on hearing this equally distributed the lands to both the temples.<ref name="Vridd">[[#V.|V. 1995]], p. 19</ref> The eleven-storied southern [[gopuram]], built by [[Krishnadevaraya]] (1509–29), is {{convert|57|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and is one of the tallest [[gopuram]]s in the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=piranmalai&pg=PA106|pages=31–2|last=Pillai|first=S. Subramania|publisher=MJP Publisher|year=2019|isbn=978-81-8094-432-1}}</ref>

The Vijayanagar kings, during the 15th century, also made lot of contributions to the temple<ref name="Bhargava"/> and later developed by Vallal Pachiyappa Mudaliar used to go regularly from Chennai to Kanchipuram to worship in this temple, he spent significant money he amazed during British rule on the temple renovation, Pachiyappa Mudaliar seated at horse back can be seen in the temple pillar. At the later stage a similar temple with same name Ekambareswarar was constructed in Chennai by Pachiappa Mudaliar in order to avoid travelling time to Kanchipuram. The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] report of 1905–06 indicates widespread renovation activities carried out in the temple by Nattukottai Chettiars.<ref name="Hancock">[[#Hancock|Hancock 2008]], p. 220</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=244|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple's [[Kumbhabhishekham|kumbhabhishekam]] was performed on December 8th 2025, in the presence of the Shankaracharyas from the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]].

[[File:Ekambareswarar temple Panorama.jpg|750px|center|thumb|Panoramic view of the temple]]

==Architecture==
[[File:Ekambareswarar Temple, Kanchipuram inside 2K22TNKAN (30).jpg|thumb|The gopuram of Ekambareswarar Temple]]
[[File:Ekambareswarar temple (4).jpg|thumb|Temple tank with a central mandapa]]
The temple covers an area of over {{convert|23|acre|ha|order=flip}}.<ref name="Sajnani"/> Reaching a height of {{convert|59|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the temple's Raja ''[[gopuram]]'' (the entrance tower to the temple) is one of the tallest in South India.<ref name="Bhargava"/> The bottom half of the gateway tower has the shrines of Vinayaka and Murugan on either sides. From the entrance, there are two halls namely Vahana Mandapam (vehicle hall) and Sarabesa Mandapam (also called Navaratri hall).<ref name=Chari/> The ''Aayiram Kaal Mandapam'', or the "hallway with a thousand pillars", which was built by the Vijayanagar Kings, is found on precinct after the gateway tower.<ref name="Bhargava"/>
There is said to have been an underground [[holy river]]. The fourth courtyard contains a small Ganesha temple and a pond. The third courtyard contains lot of smaller shrines. The flag staff of the temple is axial to the sanctum and diagonally located to the main entrance and the temple tank on either directions. There is a shrine called Thirukachi Mayanam and Kalayana Mandapa, named after Pachayappa Mudaliar, both of which are located close to the flag staff. Thirukachi Mayanam, Valeesam, Rishabesam and Satyanadeesam are located in four corners of the temple. The hall of the flagstaff has pillars sculpted with intricate figures indicating various legends and [[avatar]]s of Shiva.<ref name=Chari/>

The sanctum sanctorum contains the [[lingam]] along with the image of Shiva and Parvati sitting together. The gold plated lingam depicts the story of Parvati hugging the lingam to save it from the flooding Vegavati river.<ref name="Schreitmüller">[[#Schreitmüller|Schreitmüller]], p. 545</ref> There are granite image of the 63 [[Nayanmars]] around the first precinct.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrimage Centres|last=Harshananda|first=Swami|ref=Harsha|edition=second|publisher=Ramakrishna Math|location=Bangalore|year=2012|isbn=978-81-7907-053-6|page=61}}</ref> The temple's inner most precinct are decorated with an array of Shivalingam, one of which is a Sahasra Lingam with 1,008 Siva [[lingam]]s sculpted on it.<ref name="Alexander">[[#Alexander|Alexander 2009]], p. 91</ref> There is no separate shrine for [[Parvati]] within the complex as with all other Shiva temples in Kanchipuram. A local belief is that the deity at the [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] is the consort for Ekambaranathar. Behind the image of Lingam in the sanctum, there is a depiction of Shiva and Parvathi in a plaque with Shiva depicted as Tazhuvakuzhainthaar Swami and Parvathi as Elavarkuzhali Amman.<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|page=141|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref>

There is a small shrine for [[Vishnu]] named [[Nilathingal Thundam Perumal temple]] inside the temple complex. Vishnu is prayed as [[Vamana]] and the shrine is hailed by the [[Alvar]] saints as one of the 108 [[Divya Desams]]. There is a separate shrine for [[Nataraja]] on the second precinct.<ref name=Chari/> The ''sthala-vriksham'' or temple tree is believed to be a 3,500-year-old [[mango]] tree whose branches are said to yield four different types of mangoes from its four branches.<ref name="let"/><ref name="Rajaiah"/><ref name="Bhargava">[[#Bhargava|Bhargava 2007]], p. 402</ref><ref name="Alexander"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=44}}</ref>

==Religious significance of the temple==
[[File:Ekambareswarar3.jpg|thumb|left|The entrance shrine of the temple]]
[[Pancha Bhoota Stalam]] refers to the five Shiva temples,<ref name="Ramaswamy">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], pp. 301-302</ref> each representing the manifestation of the five prime elements of nature - land, water, air, sky, fire.<ref>''A dictionary, Canarese and English''William Reeve, Daniel Sanderson</ref> ''Pancha'' indicates five, ''Bhoota'' means elements and ''Stala'' means place. All these temples are located in [[South India]] with four of these temples at [[Tamil Nadu]] and one at [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The five elements are believed to be enshrined in the five ''[[lingams]]''<ref name="Ramaswamy" /> and each of the ''lingams'' representing Shiva in the temple have five different names based on the elements they represent. In the temple, Shiva is said to have manifested himself in the form of Prithvi Lingam. The other four manifestations are Appu Lingam (representing water) at [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval]],<ref name="Knapp">[[#Knapp|Knapp 2005]], p. 121</ref> Akasha Lingam (representing sky)<ref name="Ramaswamy"/> at [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]],<ref name="Knapp" /> Agni Lingam (representing fire)<ref name="M.K.V.">[[#MKV|M.K.V 2007]], p. 37</ref> at [[Annamalaiyar Temple]]<ref name="Knapp" /> and Vayu Lingam (representing air) at [[Srikalahasti Temple]].<ref name="Knapp" /><ref>[[#Bajwa|Bajwa 2007]], p. 271</ref> Kanchipuram is famous for hand-woven [[Kanchipuram silk sari|silk sarees]] - a design by name Ekambaranathar obtain its name from the designs of these shrines.<ref>[[#Rao|Rao 2008]], p. 133</ref>

==Saints and literary mention==
[[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Ekambareswarar in ten verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|First Tirumurai]]''. [[Appar]] and [[Sundarar]], contemporaries of Sambandar, also venerated Ekambareswarar in 10 verses in ''Tevaram'', compiled as the ''Fifth Tirumurai'' and ''Ninth Tirumurai'' respectively. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. [[Manickavasagar]], a 9th-century Tamil saint and poet, revered Ekambareswarar in his writing. Thus the temple is revered by all four Saiva Kuravars. The presiding deity is also revered in the verses of famous folk singer Kanchi Kotayappa Nayak, one of the trinities of [[Carnatic music]] [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] and [[Pattinathar]].<ref name=Chari>{{cite book|title=The Glorious temples of Kanchi|last=T.V.R|first=Chari|year=1982|publisher=Sri Kanchi Kamakshi Ambal Devasthanam and Sarada Navaratri Kalai Nigazhchi Trust|location=Big Kancheepuram|pages=50–56}}</ref>

==Worship and festivals==
{{Multiple image
|align=right
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|image1=Ekambareswara temple.jpg
|caption1=Image of Nataraja during a festival
|alt1=Metal images of Nataraja and Sivakami
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|caption2=Temple mount used during a festival
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The temple priest perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Ucchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 8:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhishekam'' (sacred bath), ''alankaram'' (decoration), ''naivedyam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradhanai'' (waving of lamps) for the pedestal of Ekambareswarar. Since it is a Lingam made of sand mound, all the ablution is done only to the pedestal. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|ta-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|ta-Latn|shukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'' or on krittika nakshatram, ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''chaturthi''.<ref name=Chari/><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Pandava Thoothar Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=578|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

The temple celebrates dozens of festivals throughout the year. The most important of these is the Panguni (or Phalguni in devanagari) Brahmotsavam that lasts ten days during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''[[Panguni]]'', between March and April, concluding with the celebration of Kalyanotsavam. The festival is the most popular of all the temple festivals in Kanchipuram.<ref>[[#Bradnock|Bradnock 2004]], p. 812</ref> There are various processions during the ten days with the festive images of presiding deities of the temple carried in various mounts around the streets of the temple. During the fifth day, Ekambareswarar is carried silver mount [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] during the morning and Ravaneswara Vahanam during the evening. The 63 Nayanmars are taken in procession the sixth day morning, while Ekambareswarar is carried on Silver car festival in the evening. Silver Mavadi seva is performed on the ninth day. On the concluding day, Kalyanotsavam (marriage festival) is held when the marriage of Ekambareswarar is enacted. During the day, many unmarried people get married irrespective of their caste along with the deity. The event is witnessed by thousands of people every year.<ref name=Chari/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
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{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Pancha Bhoota Stalam]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kanchipuram district]]

Ekambareswarar Temple Kanchipuram - Revision history

LaurenToliver at 09:59, 2 May 2026