AmiePesina at 07:50, 21 March 2026

2026-03-21T07:50:08Z

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{{Short description|Stringed musical instrument}}
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{{distinguish|Tumbi|text=[[Tumbi|Iktara]]}}
[[File:Ektara_2.jpg|thumb|An Ektara from Bangladesh]]

The '''''ektara''''' ({{langx|bn|একতারা}}, {{langx|ne|एकतारे}}; literally 'one-string', also called, ''ektar'', ''golki'' {{langx|ne|गोल्}}) is a one-stringed musical instrument used in the [[traditional music]] of [[Bengal]],<ref name="Barthakur2003">{{cite book|author=Dilip Ranjan Barthakur|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4vH-4oSEcC&pg=PA129|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-881-5|pages=129–}}</ref> and used in modern-day music of [[Music of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], and [[East India|eastern India]].<ref name="Barthakur2003"/>

Two-stringed versions are called '''''dotara''''' (two strings), a name which also [[dotara|applies to another instrument]] of the same name.

In origin, the ''ektara'' was a regular [[string instrument]] of [[Baul|Bauls]] and is plucked with one finger. The ''ektara'' is a drone [[lute]] consisting of a gourd resonator covered with skin, through which a bamboo neck is inserted. It is used in parts of India and Nepal today by [[Yogi]]s and wandering holy men to accompany their singing and prayers. In Nepal, the instrument accompanies the singing of the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]].<ref name=MusINstrNepal/>

{{Culture of Bengal}}

There are three other instruments used in South Asia which sometimes go by the same name as the ektara but are not related. One form resembles a lute. To make that version, a bamboo stick (90 cm long) is inserted through the side of a wooden bowl (called a "tumbo") and the top of the bowl is covered with deerskin. The instrument has a single string running from a peg at the top, down the length of the stick-neck, across a bridge on the deerhide soundboard, and is tied at the "spike" where the stick pokes through the bowl. The instrument's string is plucked with the musician's index fingernail.<ref name=museum>{{cite web |publisher=Nepali Folk Musical Instrument Museum |place=Kathmandu |title=Photo Gallery |url= http://musicmuseumnepal.org/gallery-9/}}</ref><ref name=MusINstrNepal>{{cite book |title=Musical Instruments of Nepal |last=Kadel |first=Ram Prasad |publisher=Nepali Folk Instrument Museum |place=Katmandu, Nepal| date=2007 |pages=220, 229|isbn= 978-9994688302}}</ref>

A second instrument (the gopichanta) uses a drum-like body, a one-piece bamboo neck consisting of a pegbox and two laths formed out of a carved section of hollow bamboo (with a wooden peg on the side of the pegbox at the upper end), as well as a skin soundboard with a string attached in the centre. The two bamboo laths are attached to the side of the drum shell and the string goes from the soundboard to a peg at the end of the neck where the laths join the pegbox. This version of the instrument may be played either by plucking the string or by tapping the drumhead. Squeezing and releasing the bamboo laths changes the tension of the string and bends the pitch down and back up. This form is associated with the [[Baul]]s of West Bengal, as well as the [[Tharu people]] of [[Udayapur District]], Nepal.

A third instrument sometimes called ''ektara'', also called the ''tuṇtuṇe'', consists of a drum with a stick attached along the outer wall.<ref>{{Cite sign |title=Tuntina |type=Sign describing museum exhibit |publisher= The Egmore Museum, Chennai |location= Chennai, India|quote= [[:file:Tuntina.jpg]]}}</ref> A string runs from a hole in the drumhead to the a power in the end of the stick. It is played to accompany song, held under the left arm, "tuned to the tonic" and played for rhythm and as a drone. This is an instrument of a of Western India, used by "Hindu Sadhus and Islamic Sufi saints" and by [[Bhil people|Bhil]], [[Kokni, Kokna, Kukna Tribe|Kukna]] and [[Warli]] tribes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Tuṇtuṇe |encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |page= 681 }}</ref>

==Performance==
''Grove Music Online'' describes the playing of an ektara as: "The ektārā player holds his instrument upright, gripping the neck just above the resonator and plucking the playing string or strings with the index finger of the same hand. If he is dancing, he supports the gourd resonator with his other hand, in which he carries clusters of small bells which sound as he beats his hand against the gourd."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Babiracki |first1=Carol M. |last2=Dick |first2=Alastair |last3=Helffer |first3=Mireille |date=20 January 2001 |title=Ektār |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051699 |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |access-date=2014-09-18 |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51699|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pressing the two halves of the neck together loosens the string, thus lowering its pitch. The modulation of the tone with each slight flexing of the neck gives the ektara its distinctive sound. There are no markings or measurements to indicate what pressure will produce what note, so the pressure is adjusted by ear.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ektara|publisher=Musical Instruments Archives|url=http://www.smtagorecentre.com/Repository/category/musical-instruments/|access-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908043058/http://www.smtagorecentre.com/Repository/category/musical-instruments/|archive-date=2014-09-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> The various sizes of ''ektara'' are soprano, tenor, and bass. The bass ''ektara'', sometimes called a ''[[dotara]]'' often has two strings<ref>{{cite web|author=Lillian Henry |title=What is Kirtan Music |publisher=Entertainment Scene 360 |url=http://www.entertainmentscene360.com/index.php/what-is-kirtan-music-4560/ |access-date=2014-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701010244/http://www.entertainmentscene360.com/index.php/what-is-kirtan-music-4560/ |archive-date=2014-07-01 }}</ref> (as literally implied by ''do'', 'two').

==Use==
The ektara is a common instrument in [[Baul]] music from Bengal. Some controversy has arisen in recent years over the adoption and alleged corruption of Baul music by popular bands and films in Bengal. It has become common to mix traditional instruments like the ektara with more modern sounds in an attempt to appeal to a wide audience, which according to [[Purna Das Baul Samrat|Purna Das Baul]] is "destroying the true beauty" of Baul music.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baul Songs - From Ektara to Fusion Music|publisher=INdo-Asian News Service|year=2011|url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id=(%201352AE44BAC1A040%20)&p_docid=1352AE44BAC1A040&p_theme=aggdocs&p_queryname=1352AE44BAC1A040&f_openurl=yes&p_nbid=D71M62SYMTQxMTYxNjAzMS4zOTEyNzk6MToxMDpFQlNDTzYxMDY0&&p_multi=IANB|access-date=2014-09-24}}</ref>

===Kirtan and Sufi chanting===
The ektara is commonly used in [[kirtan]] chanting, a Hindu devotional practice of singing the divine names and mantras in an ecstatic [[call and response]] format.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirtan|publisher= Dictionary.com|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kirtan%20?&o=100074&s=t|access-date=2014-09-16}}</ref> The ektara is used by Sadhus (wandering holy men) for [[Sufi]] chanting, as well as by the [[Baul]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stringed Instruments|publisher=Gandharva Loka|url=http://www.gandharvaloka.co.nz/instruments/stringed.html|access-date=2014-09-16|archive-date=2014-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021044731/http://www.gandharvaloka.co.nz/instruments/stringed.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The use of a stringed drone instrument to accompany the voice in religious settings can be documented in images as far back as the 4th-5th century, when a singer was painted in the [[Ajanta Caves]]. He was singing or chanting to [[Indra]], and was accompanied by a one-stringed zither that is structurally the same as the [[alapini vina]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Parvati Baul at Ruhaniyat, Purana Qila.JPG|[[Parvathy Baul]] at ''[[Ruhaniyat – The All India Sufi & Mystic Music Festival|Ruhaniyat]]'' mystic music festival, at [[Purana Qila]], Delhi
File:Ektara1.jpg|Ektara of [[Bangladesh]]
File:Lalon Tomb0018.JPG|Musician from Bangladesh playing the Ektara
File:Srirangam1362010 025.jpg|The tradition of a holy man with a one-stringed veena was preserved in this 16th-18th century C.E. sculpture of Sage [[Agastya]]. The instrument has some resemblance to the [[eka-tantri vina]], also one-stringed.
File:Alapini vina, Ajanta Caves, Cave 17.jpg|India, 5th century C.E. [[Ajanta Caves]], Cave 17. Image of a one-string drone accompanying religious singing. The musician plucks an [[alapini vina]], a stick-zither style veena resting on his shoulder.
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Tumbi]], Punjabi musical instrument
*[[Kendara]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Musical instruments of Nepal}}
{{Strings (music)}}

[[Category:Monochords]]
[[Category:Musical bows]]
[[Category:Plucked membranophones]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi musical instruments]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Sufi music]]
[[Category:Stringed instruments of Nepal]]
[[Category:Lute family instruments]]

Ektara - Revision history

AmiePesina at 07:50, 21 March 2026