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{{short description|Burst of electromagnetic energy}}
{{About|the phenomenon in general|nuclear EMP weapons|Nuclear electromagnetic pulse|Earth magnetosphere pulsations|Magnetic pulsations}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}

An '''electromagnetic pulse''' ('''EMP'''), also a '''transient electromagnetic disturbance''' ('''TED'''), is a brief burst of [[electromagnetic]] energy. Depending upon the source, the origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an [[electromagnetic field]], as an [[electric field]], as a [[magnetic field]], or as a conducted [[electric current]]. The electromagnetic interference caused by an EMP disrupts communications and damages electronic equipment; at higher levels of energy, an EMP such as a lightning strike can physically damage objects such as buildings and aircraft. The management of EMP effects is a branch of [[electromagnetic compatibility]] (EMC) engineering.

EMP weapons are designed to deliver the damaging effects of a high-energy EMP that will disrupt unprotected infrastructure in the country,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-03|title=DHS Combats Potential Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack|url=https://www.dhs.gov/news/2020/09/03/dhs-combats-potential-electromagnetic-pulse-emp-attack|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Department of Homeland Security|language=en}}</ref> thus the employment of an EMP weapon against a country is the scenario of war most likely to collapse the functionality of the electrical network of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss|first1=Matthew|last2=Weiss|first2=Martin|date=2019-05-29|title=An Assessment of Threats to the American Power Grid|journal=Energy, Sustainability and Society|volume=9|issue=1|pages=18|doi=10.1186/s13705-019-0199-y|issn=2192-0567|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== General characteristics ==
An electromagnetic pulse is a short surge of electromagnetic energy. Its short duration means that it will be spread over a range of frequencies. Pulses are typically characterized by:

* The mode of energy transfer (radiated, electric, magnetic or conducted).
* The range or [[Electromagnetic spectrum|spectrum]] of frequencies present.
* Pulse waveform: shape, duration and amplitude.

The frequency spectrum and the pulse waveform are interrelated via the [[Fourier transform]] which describes how component waveforms may sum to the observed frequency spectrum.

=== Types of energy ===
{{Main|Electromagnetism}}

EMP energy may be transferred in any of four forms:

* [[Electric field]]
* [[Magnetic field]]
* [[Electromagnetic radiation]]
* [[Electrical conduction]]

According to [[Maxwell's equations]], a pulse of electric energy will always be accompanied by a pulse of magnetic energy. In a typical pulse, either the electric or the magnetic form will dominate.

In general, radiation only acts over long distances, with the magnetic and electric fields acting over short distances. There are a few exceptions, such as a [[solar flare|solar magnetic flare]].

=== Frequency ranges ===
A pulse of electromagnetic energy typically comprises many frequencies from very low to some upper limit depending on the source. The range defined as EMP, sometimes referred to as "DC to daylight", excludes the highest frequencies comprising the optical (infrared, visible, ultraviolet) and ionizing (X and gamma rays) ranges.

Some types of EMP events can leave an optical trail, such as lightning and sparks, but these are side effects of the current flow through the air and are not part of the EMP itself.

=== Pulse waveforms ===
The waveform of a pulse describes how its instantaneous amplitude (field strength or current) changes over time. Real pulses tend to be quite complicated, so simplified models are often used. Such a model is typically described either in a diagram or as a mathematical equation.

{| style="margin:0.5em auto 0.5em auto; text-align:center;" cellpadding=4
|-
| [[File:rectangular pulse.svg|200px|alt=" "]] Rectangular pulse
| [[File:double exponential.svg|200px|alt=" "]] Double exponential pulse
| [[File:damped sinewave.svg|200px|alt=" "]] Damped sinewave pulse
|}

Most electromagnetic pulses have a very sharp leading edge, building up quickly to their maximum level. The classic model is a double-exponential curve which climbs steeply, quickly reaches a peak and then decays more slowly. However, pulses from a controlled switching circuit often approximate the form of a rectangular or "square" pulse.

EMP events usually induce a corresponding signal in the surrounding environment or material. Coupling usually occurs most strongly over a relatively narrow frequency band, leading to a characteristic [[damped sine wave]]. Visually it is shown as a high frequency sine wave growing and decaying within the longer-lived envelope of the double-exponential curve. A damped sinewave typically has much lower energy and a narrower frequency spread than the original pulse, due to the transfer characteristic of the coupling mode. In practice, EMP test equipment often injects these damped sinewaves directly rather than attempting to recreate the high-energy threat pulses.

In a pulse train, such as from a digital clock circuit, the waveform is repeated at regular intervals. A single complete pulse cycle is sufficient to characterise such a regular, repetitive train.

== Types ==
An EMP arises where the source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band ''[[damped sine wave]]'' response in the surrounding environment. Some types are generated as repetitive and regular ''[[Voltage spike|pulse]] trains''.

Different types of EMP arise from natural, man-made, and weapons effects.

Types of natural EMP event includes:

* [[Lightning]] electromagnetic pulse (LEMP). The discharge is typically an initial huge current flow, at least mega-amps, followed by a train of pulses of decreasing energy.
* [[Electrostatic discharge]] (ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into proximity or even contact.
* Meteoric EMP. The discharge of electromagnetic energy resulting from either the impact of a [[meteoroid]] with a spacecraft or the explosive breakup of a meteoroid passing through the Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Close |first1=S. |last2=Colestock |first2=P. |last3=Cox |first3=L. |last4=Kelley |first4=M. |last5=Lee |first5=N. |year=2010 |title=Electromagnetic pulses generated by meteoroid impacts on spacecraft |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=115 |issue=A12 |page=A12328 |bibcode=2010JGRA..11512328C |doi=10.1029/2010JA015921 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=Charles |title=Meteoric Airbursts: General Principles |url=http://qdl.scs-inc.us/2ndParty/Pages/7793.html |access-date=30 December 2014 |publisher=QDL blog}}</ref>
* [[Coronal mass ejection]] (CME), sometimes referred to as a solar EMP. A burst of [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] and accompanying magnetic field, ejected from the solar corona and released into the [[solar wind]].<ref name="empact">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-26 |title=EMPACT America, Inc. - Solar EMP |url=http://www.empactamerica.org/solar_emp.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726030320/http://www.empactamerica.org/solar_emp.php |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=2015-11-23}}</ref>

Types of (civil) man-made EMP event include:

* Switching action of electrical circuitry, whether isolated or repetitive (as a pulse train).
* [[Electric motor]]s can create a train of pulses as the internal electrical contacts make and break connections as the armature rotates.
* Gasoline engine ignition systems can create a train of pulses as the spark plugs are energized or fired.
* Continual switching actions of digital electronic circuitry.
* [[Electric power transmission|Power line]] surges. These can be up to several kilovolts, enough to damage electronic equipment that is insufficiently protected.

Types of military EMP include:

* [[Nuclear electromagnetic pulse]] (NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion. A variant of this is the high altitude nuclear EMP (HEMP), which produces a secondary pulse due to particle interactions with the [[Earth's atmosphere]] and magnetic field.
* Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons.

=== Lightning ===
{{Main|Lightning}}

Lightning is unusual in that it typically has a preliminary "leader" discharge of low energy building up to the main pulse, which in turn may be followed at intervals by several smaller bursts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=J. |last2=Uman |first2=M. A. |last3=Biagi |first3=C. |last4=Hill |first4=D. |last5=Rakov |first5=V. A. |last6=Jordan |first6=D. M. |year=2011 |title=Measured close lightning leader step electric field derivative waveforms |url=http://www.lightning.ece.ufl.edu/PDF/Howard%20et%20al%20%5B2011%5Da.pdf |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=116 |issue=D8 |pages=D08201 |bibcode=2011JGRD..116.8201H |doi=10.1029/2010JD015249|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Basic Primer in Lightning Effects and Protection |url=http://www.weighing-systems.com/TechnologyCentre/Lightning1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115205433/http://www.weighing-systems.com/TechnologyCentre/Lightning1.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=8 September 2015 |publisher=weighing-systems.com}}</ref>

=== Electrostatic discharge (ESD) ===
{{Main|Electrostatic discharge}}

ESD events are characterized by high voltages of many kV but small currents sometimes cause visible sparks. ESD is treated as a small, localized phenomenon, although technically a lightning flash is a very large ESD event. ESD can also be man-made, as in the shock received from a [[Van de Graaff generator]].

An ESD event can damage electronic circuitry by injecting a high-voltage pulse, besides giving people an unpleasant shock. Such an ESD event can also create sparks, which may in turn ignite fires or fuel-vapour explosions. For this reason, before refueling an aircraft or exposing any fuel vapor to the air, the fuel nozzle is first connected to the aircraft to safely discharge any static.

=== Switching pulses ===
The switching action of an electrical circuit creates a sharp change in the flow of electricity. This sharp change is a form of EMP.

Simple electrical sources include inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, and brush contacts in electric motors. These typically send a pulse down any electrical connections present, as well as radiating a pulse of energy. The amplitude is usually small and the signal may be treated as "noise" or "interference". The switching off or "opening" of a circuit causes an abrupt change in the current flowing. This can in turn cause a large pulse in the electric field across the open contacts, causing arcing and damage. It is often necessary to incorporate design features to limit such effects.

Electronic devices such as vacuum tubes or valves, transistors, and diodes can also switch on and off very quickly, causing similar issues. One-off pulses may be caused by solid-state switches and other devices used only occasionally. However, the many millions of transistors in a modern computer may switch repeatedly at frequencies above 1  GHz, causing interference that appears to be continuous.

=== Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP) ===
{{Main|Nuclear electromagnetic pulse}}

A nuclear electromagnetic pulse is the abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation resulting from a [[nuclear explosion]]. The resulting rapidly changing [[electric field]]s and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and [[voltage spike|voltage surges]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=America's utilities prepare for a nuclear threat to the grid |language=en |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21728664-north-korea-has-given-electricity-industry-jolt-fear-americas-utilities-prepare |access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref>

The intense [[gamma radiation]] emitted can also ionize the surrounding air, creating a secondary EMP as the atoms of air first lose their electrons and then regain them.

[[Nuclear EMP|NEMP]] weapons are designed to maximize such EMP effects as the primary damage mechanism, and some are capable of destroying susceptible electronic equipment over a wide area.

A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) weapon is a NEMP warhead designed to be detonated far above the Earth's surface. The explosion releases a blast of gamma rays into the mid-[[stratosphere]], which ionizes as a secondary effect and the resultant energetic free electrons interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce a much stronger EMP than is normally produced in the denser air at lower altitudes.

=== Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) ===
Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) is a weapon-generated electromagnetic pulse without use of nuclear technology. Devices that can achieve this objective include a large low-inductance [[capacitor]] bank discharged into a single-loop antenna, a microwave generator, and an [[explosively pumped flux compression generator]]. To achieve the frequency characteristics of the pulse needed for optimal [[coupling (electronics)|coupling]] into the target, [[Electromagnetic wave|wave]]-shaping circuits or microwave generators are added between the pulse source and the [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]]. [[Vircator]]s are vacuum tubes that are particularly suitable for microwave conversion of high-energy pulses.<ref name="kopp">{{Cite journal |last=Kopp |first=Carlo |author-link=Carlo Kopp |date=October 1996 |title=The Electromagnetic Bomb - A Weapon of Electrical Mass Destruction |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA332511 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002723/http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA332511 |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2013 |journal=USAF CADRE Air Chronicles |id=DTIC:ADA332511 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

NNEMP generators can be carried as a payload of bombs, [[cruise missile]]s (such as the [[Counter-electronics High Power Microwave Advanced Missile Project|CHAMP]] missile) and [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]], with diminished mechanical, thermal and ionizing radiation effects, but without the consequences of deploying nuclear weapons.

The range of NNEMP weapons is much less than nuclear EMP. Nearly all NNEMP devices used as weapons require chemical explosives as their initial energy source, producing only 10−6 (one millionth) the energy of nuclear explosives of similar weight.{{sfn|Glasstone|Dolan|1977|loc=Chapter 1}} The electromagnetic pulse from NNEMP weapons must come from within the weapon, while nuclear weapons generate EMP as a secondary effect.{{sfn|Glasstone|Dolan|1977|loc=Chapter 11, section 11.73}} These facts limit the range of NNEMP weapons, but allow finer target discrimination. The effect of small e-bombs has proven to be sufficient for certain terrorist or military operations.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Examples of such operations include the destruction of electronic control systems critical to the operation of many ground vehicles and aircraft.<ref name="Marks">{{Cite news |last=Marks |first=Paul |date=1 April 2009 |title=Aircraft could be brought down by DIY 'E-bombs' |pages=16–17 |work=[[New Scientist]] |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227026.200-aircraft-could-be-brought-down-by-diy-ebombs.html}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|reason=cited article is mostly speculation, not fact|date=July 2016}}

The concept of the explosively pumped flux compression generator for generating a non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse was conceived as early as 1951 by [[Andrei Sakharov]] in the Soviet Union,<ref name="fcg">{{Cite journal |last=Younger |first=Stephen |display-authors=etal |year=1996 |title=Scientific Collaborations Between Los Alamos and Arzamas-16 Using Explosive-Driven Flux Compression Generators |url=https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326620.pdf |journal=[[Los Alamos Science]] |issue=24 |pages=48–71 |access-date=2009-10-24}}</ref> but nations kept work on non-nuclear EMP classified until similar ideas emerged in other nations.

=== Electromagnetic forming ===
{{Main|Electromagnetic forming}}

The large forces generated by electromagnetic pulses can be used to shape or form objects as part of their manufacturing process.

== Effects ==
Minor EMP events, and especially pulse trains, cause low levels of electrical noise or interference which can affect the operation of susceptible devices. For example, a common problem in the mid-twentieth century was interference emitted by the ignition systems of gasoline engines, which caused radio sets to crackle and TV sets to show stripes on the screen. Laws were introduced to make vehicle manufacturers fit interference suppressors.

At a high voltage level an EMP can induce a spark, for example from an electrostatic discharge when fuelling a gasoline-engined vehicle. Such sparks have been known to cause fuel-air explosions and precautions must be taken to prevent them.<ref>"Fundamentals of Electrostatic Discharge", Compliance Magazine, 1 May 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.</ref>

A large and energetic EMP can induce high currents and voltages in the victim unit, temporarily disrupting its function or even permanently damaging it.

A powerful EMP can also directly affect magnetic materials and corrupt the data stored on media such as [[magnetic tape]] and computer [[hard drive]]s. Hard drives are usually shielded by heavy metal casings. Some [[IT asset management|IT asset disposition]] service providers and computer recyclers use a controlled EMP to wipe such magnetic media.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=EMP Data Wipe |url=https://www.newtechrecycling.com/shredding/hard_drives/how_to_permanently_delete_data.html#data_wipe |access-date=2018-06-12 |website=www.newtechrecycling.com |publisher=Newtech Recycling |language=en}}</ref>

A very large EMP event such as a lightning strike is also capable of damaging objects such as trees, buildings and aircraft directly, either through heating effects or the disruptive effects of the very large magnetic field generated by the current. An indirect effect can be electrical fires caused by heating. Most engineered structures and systems require some form of protection against lightning to be designed in.

The damaging effects of high-energy EMP have led to the introduction of EMP weapons, from tactical missiles with a small radius of effect to nuclear bombs designed for maximum EMP effect over a wide area.

== Control ==
{{main|Electromagnetic compatibility}}
[[File:E-4 advanced airborne command post EMP sim.jpg|thumb|EMP simulator HAGII-C testing a [[Boeing E-4]] aircraft.]]
[[File:USS Estocin FFG-15 moored near EMPRESS I.jpg|thumb|EMPRESS I (antennas along shoreline) with {{USS|Estocin|FFG-15}} moored in the foreground for testing.]]

Like any [[electromagnetic interference]], the threat from EMP is subject to control measures. This is true whether the threat is natural or man-made.

Therefore, most control measures focus on the susceptibility of equipment to EMP effects, and [[radiation hardening|hardening]] or protecting it from harm. Man-made sources, other than weapons, are also subject to control measures in order to limit the amount of pulse energy emitted.

The discipline of ensuring correct equipment operation in the presence of EMP and other RF threats is known as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).

=== Test simulation ===
To test the effects of EMP on engineered systems and equipment, an EMP simulator may be used.

==== Induced pulse simulation ====
Induced pulses are of much lower energy than threat pulses and so are more practicable to create, but they are less predictable. A common test technique is to use a [[current clamp]] in reverse, to inject a range of damped sine wave signals into a cable connected to the equipment under test. The damped sine wave generator is able to reproduce the range of induced signals likely to occur.

==== Threat pulse simulation ====
Sometimes the threat pulse itself is simulated in a repeatable way. The pulse may be reproduced at low energy in order to characterise the victim's response prior to damped sinewave injection, or at high energy to recreate the actual threat conditions.

A small-scale [[Electrostatic discharge#Simulation and testing for electronic devices|ESD simulator]] may be hand-held.

Bench- or room-sized simulators come in a range of designs, depending on the type and level of threat to be generated.

At the top end of the scale, large outdoor test facilities incorporating high-energy EMP simulators have been built by several countries.<ref name=baum1/><ref name=baum2/> The largest facilities are able to test whole vehicles including ships and aircraft for their susceptibility to EMP. Nearly all of these large EMP simulators used a specialized version of a [[Marx generator]].<ref name="baum1">{{Cite journal |last=Baum |first=Carl E. |date=May 2007 |title=Reminiscences of High-Power Electromagnetics |url=https://ece-research.unm.edu/summa/notes/History/BaumReminiscences.pdf |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility|IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.]] |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=211–8 |doi=10.1109/temc.2007.897147 |s2cid=22495327}}</ref><ref name="baum2">{{Cite journal |last=Baum |first=Carl E. |date=June 1992 |title=From the Electromagnetic Pulse to High-Power Electromagnetics |url=https://ece-research.unm.edu/summa/notes/SDAN/0032.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=80 |issue=6 |pages=789–817 |bibcode=1992IEEEP..80..789B |doi=10.1109/5.149443}}</ref>

Examples include the huge wooden-structured [[ATLAS-I]] simulator (also known as TRESTLE) at [[Sandia National Labs]], New Mexico, which was at one time the world's largest EMP simulator.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reuben |first=Charles |title=The Atlas-I Trestle at Kirtland Air Force Base |url=https://ece-research.unm.edu/summa/notes/trestle.html |publisher=The University of New Mexico}}</ref> Papers on this and other large EMP simulators used by the United States during the latter part of the [[Cold War]], along with more general information about electromagnetic pulses, are now in the care of the SUMMA Foundation, which is hosted at the University of New Mexico.<ref>[https://ece-research.unm.edu/summa/ SUMMA Foundation web site]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-17 |title=SUMMA Foundation - Carl Baum, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico |url=https://ece-research.unm.edu/summa/ |access-date=2013-06-18 |publisher=Ece.unm.edu}}</ref> The US Navy also has a large facility called the Electro Magnetic Pulse Radiation Environmental Simulator for Ships I (EMPRESS I).

==Safety==
High-level EMP signals can pose a threat to human safety. In such circumstances, direct contact with a live electrical conductor should be avoided. Where this occurs, such as when touching a [[Van de Graaff generator]] or other highly charged object, care must be taken to release the object and then discharge the body through a high resistance, in order to avoid the risk of a harmful shock pulse when stepping away.

Very high electric field strengths can cause breakdown of the air and a potentially lethal arc current similar to lightning to flow, but electric field strengths of up to 200 kV/m are regarded as safe.<ref>[https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/i6055_11.pdf "Protecting Personnel from Electromagnetic Fields"], US Department of Defense Instruction No. 6055.11, 19 August 2009.</ref>

According to research from Edd Gent, a 2019 report by the [[Electric Power Research Institute]], which is funded by utility companies, found that such an attack would probably cause regional [[Power outage|blackouts]] but not a nationwide grid failure and that recovery times would be similar to those of other large-scale outages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2021|author=Edd Gent-Live Science Contributor 11|title=US Air Force is guarding against electromagnetic pulse attacks. Should we worry?|url=https://www.livescience.com/air-force-emp-attacks-protection.html|access-date=2021-05-02|website=livescience.com|language=en}}</ref>

It is not known how long these electrical blackouts caused by an EMP attack would last, or what extent of damage would occur across the country.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

It is possible that neighboring countries of the U.S. could also be affected by the attack, depending on the targeted area and people.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

According to an article from Naureen Malik, with North Korea's increasingly successful missile and warhead tests in mind, Congress moved to renew funding for the Commission to Assess the Threat to the U.S. from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack as part of the [[National Defense Authorization Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can America's Power Grid Survive an Electromagnetic Attack?|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/hardening-power-grids-for-nuclear-and-emp-attacks-by-north-korea|access-date=2021-05-03|website=BloombergQuint|language=en}}</ref> At the moment, the United States lacks preparation against an EMP attack.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

According to research from Yoshida Reiji, in a 2016 article for the [[Tokyo]]-based nonprofit organization Center for Information and Security Trade Control, Onizuka warned that a high-altitude EMP attack would damage or destroy [[Japan]]'s power, communications and transport systems as well as disable banks, hospitals and [[nuclear power plant]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yoshida|first=Reiji|date=2017-09-08|title=Threat of North Korean EMP attack leaves Japan vulnerable|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/09/08/national/threat-of-north-korean-emp-attack-leaves-japan-vulnerable/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The Japan Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

According to research from Martin and Mathew Weiss, in testimony before a [[United States congressional committee|Congressional Committee]], it has been asserted that a prolonged collapse of this nation's electrical grid—through starvation, disease, and [[societal collapse]]—could result in the death of up to 90% of the American population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss|first1=Matthew|last2=Weiss|first2=Martin|date=2019-05-29|title=An assessment of threats to the American power grid|journal=Energy, Sustainability and Society|volume=9|issue=1|pages=18|doi=10.1186/s13705-019-0199-y|issn=2192-0567|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{Main|Electromagnetic pulse in popular culture}}

The popular media often depict EMP effects incorrectly, causing misunderstandings among the public and even professionals. Official efforts have been made in the U.S. to disprove these misconceptions.<ref>Report Meta-R-320: "[http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/reliability/cybersecurity/ferc_meta-r-320.pdf The Early-Time (E1) High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and Its Impact on the U.S. Power Grid]" January 2010. Written by Metatech Corporation for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Appendix: E1 HEMP Myths</ref><ref>2009 Telly Award Winners, (Manitou Motion Picture Company, Ltd.) [http://www.tellyawards.com/winners/list/?l=M&pageNum_winners=2&totalRows_winners=453&event=10&category=] The U.S. Space Command video is not available to the general public.</ref>

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Directed-energy weapon]]
* [[Electromagnetic compatibility]]
* [[Electromagnetic environment]]
* [[Electronic warfare]]
* [[Faraday's law of induction]]
* [[Geomagnetic storm]]
* [[MIL-STD-461]], a [[United States Military Standard]] that describes how to test equipment for electromagnetic compatibility
* [[Pulsed power]]
* [[Transient (oscillation)]]
* [[Ultrashort pulse]]
}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book |last1 = Glasstone |first1 = Samuel |author1-link = Samuel Glasstone |last2 = Dolan |first2 = Philip J. |author2-link = Philip J. Dolan |url = http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/ |title = The Effects of Nuclear Weapons |publisher = [[United States Department of Defense]] and the [[Energy Research and Development Administration]] |year = 1977 }}
* {{cite book |last = Gurevich |first = Vladimir |title = Protecting Electrical Equipment: Good Practices for Preventing High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Impacts |publisher = De Gruyter |year = 2019 |location = Berlin }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/trestle_movie.html ''TRESTLE: Landmark of the Cold War''], a short documentary film on the SUMMA Foundation website

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Electromagnetic Pulse}}
[[Category:Electromagnetic compatibility]]
[[Category:Electromagnetic radiation]]
[[Category:Electronic warfare]]
[[Category:Energy weapons]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons]]
[[Category:Pulsed power]]

Electromagnetic pulse - Revision history

UpdateBot at 03:10, 2 June 2022