>Pink Saffron at 21:11, 30 May 2021

2021-05-30T21:11:26Z

New page

{{short description|Overview of role of the elephants in culture of Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Wild elephants, Munnar.jpg|350px|thumb|Wild elephants in Munnar]]

Elephants found in [[Kerala]], the [[Indian elephant]]s (''Elephas maximus indicus''), are one of three recognized [[subspecies]] of the [[Asian elephant]]. Since 1986, Asian elephants have been listed as [[endangered species|endangered]] by [[IUCN]] as the population has declined by at least 50% over the last three generations, estimated to be 25,600 to 32,750 in the wild. The species is pre-eminently threatened by habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation.<ref name=iucn>{{Cite journal | author = Choudhury, A. | author2 = Lahiri Choudhury, D.K. | author3 = Desai, A. | author4 = Duckworth, J.W. | author5 = Easa, P.S. | author6 = Johnsingh, A.J.T. | author7 = Fernando, P. | author8 = Hedges, S. | author9 = Gunawardena, M. | author10 = Kurt, F. | display-authors = etal | title = ''Elephas maximus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2008 | page = e.T7140A12828813 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2008 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/7140/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7140A12828813.en | access-date = 16 January 2018}}</ref> Along with a large population of wild elephants, Kerala has more than seven hundred domesticated elephants. Most of them are owned by temples and individuals.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} They are used for religious ceremonies in and around the temples, and some churches, and a few elephants work at timber yards.

Elephants in Kerala are often referred to as the "sons of the [[Sahyadri|sahya]]" (cf. poem "Sahyante Makan" by Vyloppalli Sreedhara Menon). As the State Animal, the elephant is featured on the emblem of the [[Government of Kerala|Government of Kerala state]], taken from the Royal Arms of both [[Travancore]] and [[Cochin State|Cochin]].<ref>For details cf. George Menachery, "The Elephant and the Christians", SARAS, Ollur, 2014 where the emblems of early Cheras, Kochi, Travancore, Tirukkochi(Travancore-Cochin), and Kerala States with the elephant emblems are given.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Aanayum Nazraniyum''The Elephant in Kerala Churches|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Pazhama-1-mailFINAL%20Oct14.pdf}}</ref> It is believed that an elephant that has been captured in the wild, and domesticated, will never be accepted by other wild elephants.

==Elephants in festivals==
[[File:ThrissurPooram-Kuda.jpg|thumb|right|Elephants are featured during the [[Thrissur pooram]] festival in [[Kerala]] state of [[south India]].]]

Many prominent temples in Kerala own elephants, many of which are donated by devotees. Elephants are a core part of ritual worship in the famous [[Guruvayur temple]] which owns more than 60 elephants. The world's only Elephant Palace is constructed in [[Punnathur Kotta|Punnattur Kotta]], 3 km from the Guruvayur temple, to house the temple's elephants. A famous elephant, named [[Guruvayur Keshavan|Guruvayur Kesavan]], belonged to this temple.{{cn|date=April 2020}}

Almost all{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} of the local festivals in Kerala include at least one richly [[caparison]]ed elephant. Elephants carry the deity during annual festival processions and ceremonial [[circumnambulations]] in the Hindu temples. The [[temple elephants]] are decorated with [[gold]] [[plated]] caparisons ("[[nettipattam]]"), [[Bell (instrument)|bells]], and [[necklaces]]. People mounted on the elephants hold tinselled silk parasols ("muttukuda") up high, swaying white tufts ("vencamaram") and peacock feather fans ("alavattam") to the rhythm of the orchestra.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA305&dq=Elephants+Kerala&lr=&as_brr=3 ''South India'']. Rough Guides, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84353-103-8}}. p. 305</ref> Seventeen elephants are engaged for the daily ceremonial rounds to the accomplishment of [[Panchari Melam|Pancari Melam]] in [[Koodalmanikyam Temple|Kudalmanikyam temple]]. The [[headgear]] of seven of these elephants is made of pure [[gold]] and rest of pure [[silver]], which is unique to this temple.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} 15 elephants are caparisoned for the seevili at tripnithura poornathrayeesa temple vrishchikolsavam. This the biggest temple festival in the world. The elephant carrying lord poornathrayeesa will be decorated by swarna thalekkettu( nettippattam made of pure gold from the kings treseory).

[[File:Elephant and Mahout.JPG|right|thumb|Mahout and his elephant [[Guruvayoor]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]]]

[[File:Closeupof a Domesticated Asian Elephants in Kerala India DSC 5355.jpg|thumb|Closeup of a Domesticated Asian Elephant, [[Guruvayoor]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]]]

==Elephants in history and legends of Kerala==

[[File:Thrippunithura-Elephant1 crop.jpg|thumb|right|Caparisoned elephants during ''[[Sree Poornathrayesa temple]]'' festival.]]

Many elephants are featured in the local legends of Kerala. ''Aitihyamala'' (''"A Garland of Historical Anecdotes"'') by [[Kottarathil Sankunni|Kottarattil Sankunni]] was written in eight volumes; each volume ending with a story or legend about a famous elephant. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110527081053/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/thiruneelakantan.html].

==Elephant care==

Each elephant has three [[mahout]]s, called ''[[{{lang|ml|paappan}}]]'' (പാപ്പാൻ) in the [[Malayalam language]]. The most important duty of the mahouts is to bathe and massage the elephant with small rocks, and the [[husk]] of [[coconut]]s. In the [[monsoon]] season, the elephants undergo [[Ayurvedic]] [[rejuvenation (aging)|rejuvenation]] treatments which include decoctions with herbs, etc. It is called Sukha Chikitsa in the [[Malayalam language]]. Mahouts may be classified into three types, called in the [[Sanskrit language]]:
* ''Reghawan'': Those who use love to control their elephants.
* ''Yukthiman'': Those who use ingenuity to outsmart them.
* ''Balwan'': Those who control elephants with his loud voice

In November 2014, [[Mathrubhumi]] reported the incident of a tamed elephant, Indrajit, being released to the wild because of the care and affection (and not because of financial constraints) the elephant's owner, Mr T R Raghulal (managing director of Elite Group of Companies), has towards the elephant. To avoid troubles a tamed elephant may face in the wild, special arrangements were made by the forest-wildlife departments of the Government of Kerala, to ensure a smooth transition.<ref>http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/380282/Weekend/23-NOVEMBER-2014#page/1/1</ref> The elephant is 15 years old and is expected to live for another 50 years. Elephants have huge market value in a state like Kerala.<ref>http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/elephant-renting-is-now-jumbo-business/article4949312.ece</ref>

==Cruelty against elephants==

Around 700 elephants are owned by people and temples. These elephants are rented out for more than 10,000 festivals and processions in which a single elephant may generate revenue up to $5000 a day according to their status.<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8533776.stm|title=India's overworked elephants|date=4 March 2010|publisher=BBC|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> These animals have to endure long and noisy parades, loud firecrackers, may need to stand near flames, travel long distances in open shabby vehicles and walk on tarred roads in the scorching sun for hours, denying even food, water and sleep, in the name of religion and tourism promotion.<ref name=bbc1/><ref name=hindu1>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2896700.ece|title=Cruelty against elephants|work=The Hindu|access-date=2012-08-11}}</ref> They are often abused by drunk and brutal mahouts. Around half of the mahouts are found to have drinking problems.<ref name=bbc1/> January to April are the cruelest months for the captive elephants in Kerala when the places of worship celebrates various annual festivals.<ref name=hindu1/>

Elephant Biologist [http://www.rwcindia.org/alumni-profiles/batch-12-14/sreedhar-vijayakrishnan/ V Sridhar] accuses, the temple boards of being greedy and co-ercing aggressive elephants not suited to such tasks by going to the extent of hobbling them even with spike chains on their forelegs. He further claims that due to the increasing work load, elephants in their prime (20–40 years of age) seem to be dying prematurely.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://matangalila.wordpress.com/2015/02/06/the-sinking-ark/|title=The sinking ark, where the survivors are trying to loot as much revenue from the ark, before it is completely sunk}}</ref> He suspects that increase in death toll - due to intestinal obstruction and other digestive problems - is indicative of potential increase in physiological and psychological stress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/before-the-last-trumpet-40743|title=Before the last trumpet}}</ref> He also expresses his concerns on the lack of trained [[mahout]]s - to handle the huge increase of total elephants in captivity - which is a leading reason for the cruel mis-treatment of the animals<ref>{{cite web|url=https://matangalila.wordpress.com/2015/08/16/an-open-letter/|title=An open letter to all self-proclaimed (social network) elephant lovers}}</ref> Further in his opinion, the process of taming an elephant was, historically, based on principles of [[Elephant crushing|dominance establishment]], which needs revision by creating better awareness and training of [[Mahout]]s, but this process cannot happen overnight and it can only happen gradually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://matangalila.wordpress.com/2015/08/16/an-open-letter/comment-page-1/#comment-23|title=I don't think anybody is needlessly cruel to these animals}}</ref>

Further reports by [[Prem Panicker]] :

{{cite web
|url=http://peepli.org/blog/2015/08/18/temple-elephants-and-what-lies-beneath/
|title=Temple elephants… and what lies beneath
|date=18 August 2015
|website=Peepli.org
|publisher=[[Prem Panicker]]
|access-date=18 August 2015
|quote=''Guruvayur's elephants are housed in the grounds surrounding [[Punnathurkotta#Animal welfare|Punnathur Kotta]] - an approximately 11 acres ground – too small a space to adequately house the population of between 50-60 elephants Guruvayur owns at any given point in time. Since the acreage is limited, the elephants not participating in any of the temple rituals at a given point in time are leg-shackled to keep them from intruding into each other's domain and equally, to ensure the safety of visitors ... Whatever the reason, the captivity is real, it is restrictive, and it is a problem for animals programmed to roam free, far and wide. The constant presence of the shackles creates festering sores — and while vets regularly attend to it, treatment can only be palliative; the shackles remain, and sores fester again.''
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818182810/http://peepli.org/blog/2015/08/18/temple-elephants-and-what-lies-beneath/
|archive-date=18 August 2015
|url-status=dead
}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cupabangalore.org/images/Elephants/Guruvayur_Temple_Ele_Evaluation_26122014.pdf |title=Animal Welfare Board of India - Report on the Welfare & Veterinary Status of Captive Elephants at Punnathur Kotta Guruvayur Devaswom Board, Thrissur, Kerala }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Panicker quotes the above from the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) commissioned report on the conditions of the elephants housed at the Punnathur Kotta Elephant "Sanctuary" in Guruvayur. Animal welfare at this elephant sanctuary has come into question due to several videos being posted online of elephants displaying stereotypic behavior, being chained by the ankles with very short chains and one obviously being [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5swQNJHLLQ beaten]. Following these allegations in the media and after receiving a lot of complaints, the [[Animal Welfare Board of India|Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)]] commissioned an inspection of the animals housed in the premises and its facilities. The Commission submitted its [http://www.cupabangalore.org/images/Elephants/Guruvayur_Temple_Ele_Evaluation_26122014.pdf report]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in September 2014. In spite of the report highlighting the pathetic conditions in which the elephants were being housed, the violations of in welfare norms including that of feed, water and veterinary care, no action has been taken by the authorities in spite of numerous reminders by the AWBI.

There have been reports by three official committees that investigated the abuse of elephants at Guruvayur, and which have detailed the abuses inflicted on the Temple Elephants, in violation of various animal welfare laws in India.<ref name=hindu2015oct>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/rukmini-sekhar-on-the-plight-of-temple-elephants/article7796436.ece
|title=Gods in Shackles
|quote=(The investigations) ...reveal a violation of several laws and guidelines such as The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, Project Elephant’s Guidelines for Care and Management of Captive Elephants 2008, the Central Zoo Authority of India’s guidelines called Zoos in India — Legislation, Policy, Guidelines and Strategy 2014, The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002, the Performing Animals Rules 1973, and Kerala Captive Elephants (Management and Maintenance) Rules 2012.
}}</ref>

On 8 April 2021, the death of [[Ambalappuzha Vijayakrishnan|Ambalappuzha Vijayakrishan]] sparked a controversy in Kerala. The elephant lovers accused Devaswom Board and its mahout for killing the elephant. They accused the board and Mahots for torturing Vijayakrishnan. According to them, for several months prior to his death, the elephant were tortured by its mahouts and was used by the board for parading in spite of him having severe injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tusker Ambalappuzha Vijayakrishnan dies, activists allege ill-treatment - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/09/tusker-ambalappuzha-vijayakrishnan-diesactivists-allege-ill-treatment-2287638.amp|access-date=2021-04-26|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Notable captive elephants==
{{See|Category:Elephants in Kerala}}
Notable captive elephants in Kerala include [[Guruvayur Keshavan]] (late), [[Chengallur Ranganathan]] (late), [[Chengalloor Dakshayani]] (late)), [[Nanu Eezhuthassan Sivasankaran]] (earlier known as ''Kandampully Balanarayanan'') (late), [[Guruvayur Padmanabhan]] (late), [[Pambadi Rajan]], [[Thechikottukavu Ramachandran]], [[Chirakkal Kalidasan]], [[Thrikkadavoor Sivaraju]], [[Cherpulassery Parthan]] (late), [[Ernakulam Sivakumar]], Paramekkavu Parameswaran (late), [[Kongad Kuttisankaran]] (late), [[Paramekkavu Rajendran]] (late), [[Thiruvambadi Chandrasekharan]] (late), [[Thiruvambadi Cheriya Chandrasekharan]], [[Kuttankulangara Arjunan]], Puthuppilli Keshavan, [[Guruvayur Valiya Keshavan]], [[Mangalamkunnu Ayyappan]], [[Mangalamkunnu Karnan]] (late), [[Mangalamkunnu Ganapathy]] (late), [[Thiruvambadi Sivasundar]] (late), [[Ambalappuzha Vijayakrishnan]] (late), [[Thirunakkara Sivan]], [[Kottur Soman]] and many more.

==Elephant ornamentation==
{{Main|Caparison#Domesticated and Temple Elephants of India}}
One of the famous families in [[Thrissur District]] of [[Kerala]], the Venkitadri family, has made ornaments for three generations, especially for the famous [[Thrissur pooram]], the most famous of the Hindu temple-centred festivals. They make gold plated caparisons, umbrellas, ''alavattam'', ''venchamaram'', and necklaces. They decorate one hundred and fifty elephants with ornaments for temple festivals. [[Thrissur Pooram]], [[Nenmara Vallangi Vela]] are some of the famous festivals in kerala in which more decorated elephants are used for procession.
The main chamayam vendors are Paramekkavu devosom, venkidadri, maramittathu balachandran ( balan mashu).

==Elephant Conservation in Kerala==
[[Kottur Elephant Sanctuary and Rehabilation Centre|Kottur Elephant Sanctuary and Rehabilitation Centre]] in the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district is the India's first and world's largest elephant rehabilation centre, opened with an aim to protect and rehabilititate elephants.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-08|title=India's first elephant rehabilitation centre in the works at Kerala's Kottoor|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-first-elephant-rehabilitation-centre-in-the-works-at-kerala-s-kottoor/story-UWNLcgES2hUucexj31999I.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Other elephant care centers in the state includes [[Kodanad Abhayaranyam animal shelter and elephant training centre]] and [[Elephant Training Center, Konni]].

==Elephant Survey in Kerala==

Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department has conducted a statewide census in Kerala in November 2018, necessitated by an order issued by the Supreme Court. In this survey over 5706<ref name="hindu1" /> elephants were counted. [[Thrissur]] recorded the highest number of elephants (145) and [[Kannur]] has the lowest elephant population (3). [[Kasargod]] has no elephants.

==See also==
*[[Cultural depictions of elephants]]
*[[Thrissur Pooram]]
*[[Kottur Elephant Sanctuary and Rehabilation Centre]]
*[[Elephant Training Center, Konni]]
*[[Kodanad Abhayaranyam animal shelter and elephant training centre]]
*[[Temples of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Temple elephants in Kerala}}
*[http://www.namboothiri.com/articles/hasthyaayurvedam.htm Hasthyaayurvedam ''(Encyclopaedia of elephants and their treatment)''] The original book is in [[Sanskrit]] but Vaidyamadham Cheriya Narayanan Namboodiri has translated ''Paalakaapyam'' (''Hasthyaayurveda'') from Sanskrit to Malayalam.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040600/http://www.elephantcare.org.in/ Association of elephant lovers to protect elephants].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120042850/http://www.elephantcare.org/mancont.htm [[Mahout]] manual].
*[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/520-captive-elephants-in-kerala-reveals-census/article25626580.ece]
*[https://www.chessmonk.com/post/the-death-of-a-pregnant-elephant-in-kerala-the-bigger-picture Causes of death of Elephants in India].

{{Elephants}}

[[Category:Elephants in Indian culture]]
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]

Elephants in Kerala culture - Revision history

>Pink Saffron at 21:11, 30 May 2021