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{{Short description|Marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{POV|date=July 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}
}}
{{Anthropology of kinship |concepts}}

'''Endogamy''' is the practice of marrying within a specific [[social group]], [[religious denomination]], [[caste]], or [[ethnic group]], rejecting those from others as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.

Endogamy is common in many cultures and ethnic groups. Several [[religious]] and [[Ethnic religion|ethnic religious]] groups are traditionally more endogamous, although sometimes with the added dimension of requiring [[Marital conversion|marital religious conversion]]. This permits an [[Exogamy|exogamous]] marriage, as the convert, by accepting the partner's religion, becomes accepted within the endogamous rules. Endogamy, as distinct from [[consanguinity]], may result in transmission of [[genetic disorder]]s, the so-called [[founder effect]], within the relatively closed community.

==Adherence==
{{Further|Population genetics|inbreeding}}
Endogamy can serve as a form of [[Auto-segregation|self-segregation]]; a community can use it to resist integrating and completely merging with surrounding populations. Minorities can use it to stay ethnically homogeneous over a long time as distinct communities within societies that have other practices and beliefs.

The [[Isolationism|isolationist]] practices of endogamy may lead to a group's extinction, as genetic diseases may develop that can affect an increasing percentage of the population. However, this disease effect would tend to be small unless there is a high degree of close inbreeding, or if the endogamous population becomes very small in size.

==Social dynamics==
The [[Urapmin people|Urapmin]], a small tribe in [[Papua New Guinea]], practice strict endogamy. The Urapmin also have a system of kinship classes known as ''tanum miit''. Since the classes are inherited [[Cognatic kinship|cognatically]], most Urapmin belong to all of the major classes, creating great fluidity and doing little to differentiate individuals.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Robbins
| first = Joel
| title = Becoming Sinners: Christianity and Moral Torment in a Papua New Guinea Society
| publisher = University of California Press
| year = 2004
| isbn = 0-520-23800-1
|pages=191–192}}</ref>

The small community on the [[South Atlantic]] island of [[Tristan da Cunha]] are, because of their geographical isolation, an almost endogamic society. There are instances of health problems attributed to endogamy on the island, including [[glaucoma]] and [[asthma]] as research by the [[University of Toronto]] has demonstrated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7766656.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Worldwide search for asthma clue |date=9 December 2008 |access-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123092415/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7766656.stm |archive-date=23 November 2011 }}</ref>

==Genealogy==
Endogamic marriage patterns may increase the frequency of various levels of [[cousin marriage]] in a population, and may cause high probability of children of first, second, third cousins, etcetera.

In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any [[cousin marriage]] that affects an ancestral tree.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as [[pedigree collapse]]. This may cause relations along multiple paths between a persons autosomal-DNA matches. It creates stronger DNA matches between the DNA matches than expected from the nearest path.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.legacytree.com/blog/dealing-endogamy-part-exploring-amounts-shared-dna | title=Endogamy Part 1: Exploring Shared DNA | Legacy Tree Genealogists | date=13 October 2016 }}</ref>

Cousin marriage should not be confused with [[double cousin]]s, which do not cause a pedigree collapse. Certain levels of [[sibling marriage]] and cousin marriage is prevented by law in some countries, and referred to as [[consanguinity]].

A long term pattern of endogamy in a region may increase the risk of repeated cousin marriage during a long period of time, referred to as [[inbreeding]]. It may cause additional noise in the DNA autosomal data, giving the impressions that DNA matches with roots in that region are more closely related than they are.

==Examples==
Other examples of ethnic and religious groups that practice endogamy include:
* The [[Amish]] of North America.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/07/23/sids.php |title=Genomics in Amish Country |last=Ruder |first=Katherine 'Kate' |date=23 July 2004 |publisher=Genome News Network}}</ref>
* [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], indigenous Christian people of upper [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name="Awoyemi2014">{{cite book|author=Dr. Joseph Adebayo Awoyemi|title=Pre-marital Counselling In a Multicultural Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm1LCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT75|date=14 September 2014|isbn=978-1-291-83577-9|pages=75–}}</ref>
* [[Armenian people|Armenians]] have a history of endogamy due to being almost entirely surrounded by Islamic neighbours while being a strongly Christian nation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Armenia in Pictures|last=Waters|first=Bella|publisher=Learner Publishing Group|year=2009|isbn=9780822585763|location=Minneapolis, MN|pages=25}}</ref>
* [[Daylamites]], an ethnic group living south of the [[Caspian Sea]] in ancient and medieval Persia.
* The [[Druze]] of the [[Levant]].<ref name=dawn>{{cite book|title=Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East|last= Chatty|first= Dawn |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81792-9|date= 15 March 2010}}</ref>
* [[Gitanos]] typically practice endogamy within their ''raza'', or [[Patrilineality|patrigroup]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=Gitano Evangelism: the Emergence of a Politico-Religious Diaspora |url=http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/WPTC-01-04%20Gayyblasco.pdf |website=Index of working papers |access-date=3 February 2020 |ref=www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working papers/WPTC-01-04 Gayyblasco.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Greek Cypriots]] usually practice endogamy in order to maintain their status as the majority ethnic group on the island of [[Cyprus]].
* [[Iranian Turkmen]]s{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
* [[Judaism]] traditionally mandates religious endogamy, requiring that both marriage partners be Jewish, while allowing for marriage to converts. [[Orthodox Judaism]] maintains the traditional requirement for [[endogamy in Judaism]] as a binding,<ref name="Kid68b">''[[Nashim|Kiddushin]]'' 68b</ref> inherent part of Judaism's religious beliefs and traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Jerome M. |last=Epstein |date=29 October 2020 |title=Endogamy is a mitzvah |url=https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/endogamy-is-a-mitzvah-2/ |work=[[Jewish Standard]] |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Knanaya]], an endogamous group within the [[St. Thomas Christian]] Community of India. The community claims to have arrived to India in the fourth century and have been noted for their historical practice of endogamy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}
* [[Mashhadi Jews|Jews of Mashhad, Iran]]{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
* [[Mormons]]
*[[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians of Kerala, India]]
* [[Parsis]].{{sfn|Qamar|Ayub|Mohyuddin|Helgason|2002| p=1119}}
* [[Rajput]]s{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fischer |first=R. J. |year=1997 |chapter=Castes and Caste Relationships |title=If Rain Doesn't Come |url=https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/SSSC/article/download/8057/8181 |publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors |pages=53''ff''|isbn= 978-8173041846}}</ref>
* The [[Vaqueiros de alzada]] of Spain.<ref>García Martínez, Adolfo (2009) [1988]. Los vaqueiros de alzada de Asturias: un estudio histórico-antropológico (Second edition)[in Spanish]. Oviedo: KRK Ediciones. p.746-748. {{ISBN|978-8-483-67229-7}}.</ref>
* [[Yazidis]], a group with a syncretic religion indigenous to upper [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ql4BAwAAQBAJ|publisher = I.B.Tauris|date = 23 December 2014|isbn = 9780857720610|language = en|first = Birgül|last = Açikyildiz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title = Everything You Need to Know About the Yazidis|url = http://time.com/3091932/yazidi-iraq-isis-obama/|magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date = 7 February 2016|first = Mirren|last = Gidda}}</ref>
* [[Louisiana Creole people]] and [[Cajuns]]
* [[Mandaeans]]

==See also==
* [[Anti-miscegenation laws]]
* [[Arranged marriage]]
* [[Assortative mating]]
* [[Consanguinity]]
* [[Ethnic nationalism]]
* [[Ethnoreligious group]]
* [[Genealogical DNA test]]
* [[Interfaith marriage]]
* [[Miscegenation]]

'''Cousin marriage:'''
* [[Cousin marriage]]
* [[Gotra#Marriages and gotras|Marriages and gotras]]
* [[List of coupled cousins]]

'''Marriage systems:'''
* [[Exogamy]]
* [[Homogamy (sociology)|Homogamy]]
* [[Hypergamy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Endogamy |volume=9 |short=x}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/6/1453.full|doi=10.1093/ije/dyp313|title=Commentary: The background and outcomes of the first-cousin marriage controversy in Great Britain|year=2009|last1=Bittles|first1=A. H.|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=38|issue=6|pages=1453–1458|pmid=19926668}}

{{Types of marriages|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Endogamy| ]]
[[Category:Caste]]
[[Category:Incest]]

Endogamy - Revision history

UpdateBot at 21:19, 5 June 2022