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{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Energy consumption India.svg|thumb|Energy consumption by source, India]]
[[File:CO2 emissions India.svg|thumb|Development of carbon dioxide emissions]]
Since 2013, the total [[primary energy]] consumption in [[India]] has been the third greatest in the world (see [[world energy consumption]]) after [[Energy policy of China|China]] and the [[Energy in the United States|United States]].<ref name=eia>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=IND&src=home-b6 |title=India was the third-largest energy consumer in 2013|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdebtclock.org/energy.html |title=World energy consumption clock |publisher=US debt clock org |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Having the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|largest national population]] of over 1.4 billion people, its [[List of countries by energy consumption per capita|per capita energy consumption]] is still below the median for all nations despite its large total energy consumptionn. India was a net energy importer, importing nearly 47% of its total primary energy in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=India - Energy Balance 2019, NITI Aayog| url=https://niti.gov.in/edm/#balance| access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian energy Statistics 2016| url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Energy_statistics_2016.pdf| access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>

While much of its energy comes from fossil fuels, as of 2024, India is in the midst of a very rapid growth of solar and other renewable energy. However, this page currently only discusses the country's fossil fuel–based energy. For information about its renewable energy sources, see the page [[Renewable energy in India]].

== Overview ==
In 2022-23, Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) per capita is 25,745 mega joule whereas Total Final Consumption per capita is 16,699 mega joule. Electricity
consumption per capita is 1015 kWh in 2022-23. The [[energy intensity]] of agriculture is seven times less than industries in 2022-23 (see Table 8.9<ref name=mspi/>)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Yearwise consumption of energy sources<ref name=mspi>{{cite web | url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/EnergyStatistics_India_publication_2024N.pdf?download=1 | title= Energy Statistics_India 2024|publisher= Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, India |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
! Fiscal year
! Mid Year Population (million)
! Coal (million tonnes)
! Lignite (million tonnes)
! Crude oil (million tonnes)
! Natural gas (billion cubic meters)
! Electricity@ (billion kWh)
! Eq CO2-emissions (million tonnes)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1055542/EI_Stat_Review_PDF_single_3.pdf1 | title=Statistical Review of World Energy 2023 | publisher=The Energy Institute | access-date=16 March 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
| align="left" | 2013-14 || 1,252 || 739 || 44 || 222 ||52 ||874 ||2,087.5
|-
| align="left" | 2014-15 || 1,268|| 822 || 47 || 223 || 51 || 948||2,248.1
|-
| align="left" | 2015-16 || 1,284 || 837 || 42 || 233 || 53 || 1,001||2,321.4
|-
| align="left" | 2016-17 || 1,299 || 837 || 43 || 245 || 56 || 1,061||2,425.2
|-
| align="left" | 2017-18 || 1,313 || 898|| 46|| 252 || 59|| 1,123||2,493.6
|-
| align="left" | 2018-19 || 1,328 || 968 || 46 || 257 || 61 || 1,209||2,613.2
|-
| align="left" | 2019-20 || 1,342 || 956 || 42 || 254 || 64 || 1,248||2,645.4
|-
| align="left" | 2020-21 || 1,357 || 906 || 38 || 222 ||61 || 1,230||2,450.3
|-
| align="left" | 2021-22 || 1,370 || 1,028 || 49 || 242 || 64 || 1,316||2,700.5
|-
| align="left" | 2022-23 || 1,383 || 1,115 || 47 || 255 || 60 || 1,403||2,865.2
|}
@ Includes electricity generated from fossil fuels.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''India: Total primary energy use of 753.7 [[Tonne of oil equivalent|Mtoe]] (excluding traditional biomass use) in the calendar year 2017'''<ref name=srwe>{{cite web | url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf | title= BP Statistical Review of world energy 2018| access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>
|label1 = 424.0 Mtoe Coal |color1 = Black
|value1 = 56.26
|label2 = 222.1 Mtoe Petroleum & other liquids|color4 = gold
|value2 = 29.47
|label3 = 46.6 Mtoe Natural gas|color3 = #FF6600
|value3 = 6.18
|label4 = 8.5 Mtoe Nuclear|color5 = Red
|value4 = 1.13
|label5 = 30.7 Mtoe Hydroelectricity|color6 = DodgerBlue
|value5 = 4.07
|label6 = 21.8 Mtoe Other renewables |color7 = Green
|value6 = 2.89
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Energy in India<ref name=IEA2015>IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040322/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf 2014 (2012R as in November 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405035039/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }} + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902105825/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf |date=2 September 2014 }}, [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309143010/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf |date=9 March 2013 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027013037/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf |date=27 October 2011 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |date=11 October 2010 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007042901/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf |date=7 October 2013 }}, [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012043312/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf |date=12 October 2009 }} [[International Energy Agency|IEA]] October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15</ref>
|-
!
! Population million
! Prim. energy TWh
! Production TWh
! Import TWh
! Electricity TWh
! CO2-emission Mt
|-
| align="left" | 2004 || 1,080 || 6,662 || 5,430 || 1,230 || 494 || 1,103
|-
| align="left" | 2007 || 1,123|| 6,919 || 5,244 || 1,745 || 610 || 1,324
|-
| align="left" | 2008 || 1,140 || 7, 222 || 5,446 || 1,836 || 645 || 1,428
|-
| align="left" | 2009 || 1,155 || 7,860 || 5,844 || 2,116 || 690 || 1,586
|-
| align="left" | 2010 || 1,171 || 8,056|| 6,032|| 2,110 || 755|| 1,626
|-
| align="left" | 2012 || 1,241 || 8,716 || 6,291 || 2,483 || 835 || 1,745
|-
| align="left" | 2012R || 1,237 || 9,166 || 6,333 || 2,829 || 940 || 1,954
|-
| align="left" | 2013 || 1,250 || 9,018 || 6,086 || 2,962 || 979 || 1,869
|-
| align="left" | Change 2004–10 || 8.4% || 20.9% || 11.1% || 72% || 53% || 47.4%
|-
| align="left" colspan=7 | Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power<ref name=Sverigetab49>[http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f Energy in Sweden 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045634/http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=%2FBroschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f |date=16 October 2013 }}, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto</ref>
2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated 
|}

==Coal==
{{See also|List of countries by coal reserves|Coal in India}}
[[File:Coal production of India.svg|thumb|Coal production of India]]

In 2023, India was both the [[List of countries by coal production|second largest producer of coal]] and second largest consumer of coal, although for both statistics having less than a fourth of that of leading China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |title=Coal consumption |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh?tab=chart&country=IND~USA~CHN |access-date=December 2, 2024 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> India is planning to use 100 million tonnes of coal for gasification by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/03/30/carbon-omissions-indias-coal-gasification-plans-are-ambitious-but-face-an-uphill-task|title=Carbon omissions: India’s coal gasification plans are ambitious but face an uphill task|access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref> The abundantly available coal in India is low [[coal rank| rank]] coal which is not suitable for coal gasification without blending with [[pet coke]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coal.gov.in/sites/default/files/ncgm/ncgm21-09-21.pdf |title= National Coal Gasification Mission, Ministry of Coal|access-date= 28 May 2025}}</ref> However, low rank coal/lignite can be converted to natural gas by using hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2025 |title=In-situ and Ex-situ Conversion of Coal to Methane using Hydrogen |url=https://www.ijeer.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v4i3/C104404030525.pdf |access-date=2025-05-28 |journal=Indian Journal of Energy and Energy Resources |issn=2583-1186|volume=4 |issue=3|pages=1–5 |doi=10.54105/ijeer.C1044.04030525 |s2cid=258753397}}</ref>

Coal and lignite production was 73.1 crore (731 million) tons in the financial year 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php|title=Koyala Darpan / Coal Dashboard|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216204644/https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/ProvisionalCoalStatistics2019-20.pdf|title=Provisional Coal Statistics 2019-20|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202013728/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/ProvisionalCoalStatistics2019-20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> India was the fourth top [[Coal mining|coal]] producer in 2017 with 294.2 Mtons (7.8% global share).<ref name=srwe/> Nearly 80% of total electricity generated (utility and captive) in India is from coal and it is the main source of [[Greenhouse gas emissions by India|the nation's greenhouse gas emissions]].

According to [[Greenpeace]] the largest coal belt in India is at [[Jharia]]. Before coal mining Jharia had forests inhabited by tribes. In 1971 the [[coal mine]]s were nationalised. [[Bharat Coking Coal Limited]] (BCCL) took over Jharia coal mines.<ref name=truecost>[http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/true-cost-coal.pdf "The True Cost of Coal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130101613/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/true-cost-coal.pdf |date=30 November 2008 }} Greenpeace 27 November 2008 pp. 24–29</ref>

India accounts for the world’s greatest concentration of [[coal seam fire]]s. Mine area suffers from pollution of air, water and land.<ref name="truecost"/>

As of 2019, coal production was integrated into the Central Government;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/coal-in-india/|title=Coal in India|last=Gross|first=Rahul Tongia and Samantha|date=2019-03-08|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> for example, the [[Government of India|Government]] owned about 75% of [[Coal India|Coal India Limited]], which supplied about 84% of India's thermal coal.<ref name=":0" />

India imports coking coal as good quality [[coking coal]] deposits suitable for iron and steel production are not available. In the financial year 2021 -22, India imported nearly 57.16 million tons (90%) against the consumption of 63.74 MT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/import%20of%20coal.pdf|title=Import of coal - Trends and issue of self reliance|access-date=26 December 2022|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225102903/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/import%20of%20coal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sponge iron]] route using noncoking coal is also followed to produce iron and steel which does not depend on coke or natural gas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jspl-resumes-operations-in-coal-gasification-plant-in-odisha-s-angul-district-11578977735242.html|title=JSPL's 1.8 MTPA coal gasification based DRI plant resumes operations in Angul|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ispatguru.com/coal-gasification-based-production-of-direct-reduced-iron/|title=Coal Gasification based Production of Direct Reduced Iron|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

== Oil and natural gas==
{{Main|Energy policy of India|Oil and gas industry in India}}

As of 2022, India was the [[List of countries by oil consumption|fourth top oil consumer globally]], at 5.2 million barrels per day (5% of global consumption). However, on a per capita basis, its standing is much lower. India was the second-top net [[crude oil]] (including crude oil products) importer of 205.3 Mt in 2019.<ref name=bp20>{{cite web | url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf | title= Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (page 31)| access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> India has 49.72 [[lakh]] (4.972 million) barrels per day (5.1% of the world) crude oil refining capacity which is ranked 4th globally in 2017.<ref name=srwe/>

==Liquefied petroleum gas==
[[File:Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders.jpg|thumb|Cylinders with LPG in [[India]] ]]

Nearly 1 crore (10.937 million) tons [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas]] (LPG) was consumed during April to September 2019 (six months) in the domestic sector mainly for cooking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/Reports/201911220459272617502WebVersionLPGProfile1.10.2019.pdf |title=LPG Profile 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> The number of domestic connections are 274 million (one connection for five people) with a circulation of more than 40 crore (400 million) LPG cylinders whose net aggregate length would form a 2,00,000 km long pipe line which is more than the length of total [[Indian Railways|railway track laid in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/lpg-cylinder-now-used-by-89-households/66930301 |title=LPG cylinder now used by 89% households|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> India is second largest consumer of LPG globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-becomes-worlds-2nd-largest-lpg-consumer-after-govts-ujjawla-push/67848639|title= India becomes world's second-largest LPG consumer|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Most of the LPG requirement is imported.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-challenges-china-as-worlds-biggest-lpg-importer/62263809|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180358/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-challenges-china-as-worlds-biggest-lpg-importer/62263809|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2017|title=India challenges China as world's biggest LPG importer|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Piped city gas supply in India is not yet developed on major scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/pm-modi-says-70-of-indias-population-will-have-city-gas-facility-in-2-3-years/66752204|title= PM Modi says 70% of India's population will have city gas facility in 2-3 years|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gailebank.gail.co.in/goga/NewApplication/index.html#existing-customer|title= Map of GAIL's Natural Gas Pipelines|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>

== Biomass and charcoal==
{{See also | Electricity sector in India#Biomass power | l1= Biomass power in India }}

[[Biomass]] is a renewable energy source and its use as feedstock to produce [[biofuels]] or organic chemicals is mostly [[carbon-neutral fuel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i2/B1845113223.pdf|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref> Carbon dioxide is first taken up by plants during photosynthesis, and later released when biomass is burned. Presently, only 20% of households in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purposes as LPG use for cooking purposes is rising rapidly.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/nearly-80-of-indian-households-now-have-access-to-lpg-gas/63226987 |title= Nearly 80% of Indian households now have access to LPG gas |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/niti-aayog-pitches-for-round-the-clock-power-for-all-electric-vehicles/60217855|title=NITI Aayog pitches for round-the-clock power for all-electric vehicles |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> In addition biomass is also used marginally in commercial cooking, electricity generation, process industries, etc. The total biomass use in India is nearly 177 Mtoe in the year 2013.<ref name=eia/> Substantial surplus crop residue is also burnt in agriculture fields to clear the land for the next crop. Nearly 75 crores (750 million) tons of nonedible (by cattle) biomass is available annually in India which can be put to use for higher value addition without [[global warming|CO2 emissions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jan/IRENA_Innovation_Renewable_Methanol_2021.pdf|title=Renewable Methanol|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831190140/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|title=Maharashtra, Punjab top producers of green energy from farm waste |access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref>

Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised [[coal-fired power station]]s. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to [[Hardgrove Grindability Index|grind]] into fine powder due to [[Caking (chemical engineering)|caking]] problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after [[torrefaction]] in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/worldbiofuelsmarkets/Presentations/BiofuelsShippingStorageLogistics/Michael_Wild.pdf|title=The upgrading of solid biomasss by means of Torrefaction|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230838/http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/worldbiofuelsmarkets/Presentations/BiofuelsShippingStorageLogistics/Michael_Wild.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. [[Cofiring]] dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is also possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|title=Cofiring of biomass in coal-fired power plants – European experience|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012153412/http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/cea-has-written-to-all-states-to-use-5-10-of-118020801216_1.html| title=CEA has written to all States to use 5-10% of biomass pellets with coal for power generation in thermal power plants|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] at a faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/pollution-delhi-gets-whiff-of-hope-as-ntpc-steps-in-to-buy-crop-residue-from-farmers/story-nmfwHl5bDCgdi5ImQPtNQM.html| title=Air Pollution: Delhi sees hope as NTPC steps in to buy crop residue from farmers|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

When an existing blast furnace is modified to use biomass products as its fuel, production of green steel, green hydrogen/ammonia/urea and green slag cement are feasible.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2025|title=Retrofitting Blast Furnaces for Producing Green Steel and Green Urea|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v5i2/B187105021125.pdf
|journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering|language=en|volume=5|pages=19–25|doi=10.54105/ijee.B1871.05021125|issn= 2582-9289|last1=Nallapaneni|first1=Sasidhar|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

[[Biogas]] which is mainly methane/natural gas can also be used to produce protein-rich feed for cattle, poultry and fish culture in villages economically by cultivating [[Methylococcus capsulatus]] bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |title=BioProtein Production |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151825/http://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/ |title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |title=New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind® Protein |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these plants can be put to use in cheaper production of [[algae oil]] from [[algae]] particularly in tropical countries like India which can displace the prime position of crude oil in near future.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150121-algenol.html#more |title=Algenol and Reliance launch algae fuels demonstration project in India |access-date=29 May 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701001900/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150121-algenol.html#more |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/ExxonMobil-Announces-Breakthrough-In-Renewable-Energy.html |title=ExxonMobil Announces Breakthrough In Renewable Energy |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> Union government is implementing many schemes to utilise productively the agro waste or biomass in rural areas to uplift [[rural economics|rural economy]] and job potential.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indrapratha-gas-mahindra-mahindra-join-hands-to-stop-stubble-burning/62986917|title=Indrapratha Gas, Mahindra & Mahindra join hands to stop stubble burning|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/modi-govt-plans-gobar-dhan-scheme-to-convert-cattle-dung-into-energy/63028408|title=Modi govt plans Gobar-Dhan scheme to convert cattle dung into energy|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

== Biofuel ==
{{see also | Biofuel in India | Energy policy of India#Bio-fuels | l2= Bio-fuels energy policy of India }}

In 2021, India imported 85% of petroleum products worth $55 billion. The country set a target of blending 20% [[ethanol]] in petrol by 2025 resulting in import substitution and India provides financial assistance for manufacturing ethanol from rice, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, sugar beet, etc.<ref name=bioeth1>[https://theprint.in/opinion/india-wants-to-use-foodgrain-for-ethanol-thats-a-problem-in-a-hungry-country/686707/ India wants to use food grain stock for ethanol. That’s a problem in a hungry country], The Print, 1 July 2021.</ref> This target was achieved in 2025.<ref name=ar1>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/govt-constructing-10000-km-greenfield-expressway-projects-at-6-lakh-cr-investment-gadkari/124423868 Govt constructing 10000 km greenfield expressway projects at 6 lakh cr investment- Gadkari], Economic Times, 9 Oct 2025.</ref>

==Electricity==
[[File:India electricity production.svg|thumb|India electricity production|200px]]
{{Main|Electricity sector in India | Renewable energy in India }}

In India, 99.99% of the population have access to power supply.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saubhagya.gov.in/|title=Households electrification in India| access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> By 2013, India became the world's third largest producer of electricity with 4.8% global share, surpassing Japan and Russia.<ref>[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf IEA Key energy statistics 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |date=11 October 2010 }} p. 27</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adelphi.de/en/publications/dok/43509.php?pid=1971 |title=Energy-efficient buildings – a business case for India? An analysis of incremental costs for four building projects of the Energy-Efficient Homes Programme, 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100407/http://www.adelphi.de/en/publications/dok/43509.php?pid=1971 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India ranks 6th globally in hydropower generation during the year 2019.<ref name=bp20/>

India had set a target of 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy (excluding large hydro) capacity by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180728|title=A target of installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by the year 2022 has been set|date=July 19, 2018|website=Public Information Bureau|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> It included 100 GW capacity from [[solar energy]] sources, 60 GW from [[wind power]], 10 GW from [[biopower]], and 5 GW from [[small hydro]]power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-to-install-54-7-gw-wind-energy-capacity-by-2022-fitch-solutions/69081148|title=India to install 54.7 GW wind energy capacity by 2022: Fitch Solutions - ET EnergyWorld|date=April 28, 2019|website=ETEnergyworld|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>

As of 31 March 2024, India has 190.573 GW (43% of total) installed capacity of [[Renewable energy in India|renewable energy]]. It is one of the world leaders in renewable energy investments and installations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1475736/india-is-now-a-world-leader-in-renewable-energy/|title=India is now a world leader in renewable energy|last=Thomas|first=Maria|date=November 27, 2018|website=Quartz India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>

== Energy reserves ==
India has abundant solar, wind, hydro (including pumped storage) and biomass power potential. In addition, as of January 2011 India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves, the world's 26th largest reserve.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2013 |title=CIA – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2179rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309174844/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2179rank.html |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> The United States [[Energy Information Administration]] estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010 while consuming roughly 2.3 Tcf of natural gas. India already produces [[coalbed methane]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy|India}}
{{div col}}
*[[Climate change in India]]
*[[Electricity sector in India]]
*[[Energy policy of India]]
*[[Hydroelectric power in India]]
*[[Renewable energy in India]]
*[[Wind power in India]]
*[[Solar power in India]]
*[[Nuclear power in India]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Energy in India}}
{{Energy companies and organisations in India}}
{{Asia_topic|Energy in}}
{{Asia topic|Energy policy of}}

[[Category:Energy in India| ]]

Energy in India - Revision history

Ankitchadha at 13:17, 22 March 2026