Ajay Kumar at 13:33, 20 August 2023

2023-08-20T13:33:16Z

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{{Short description|Style of filmmaking with large scale, sweeping scope, and spectacle}}
{{About|the film genre|films named "Epic"|Epic (disambiguation)#Films{{!}}Epic § Films}}
[[File:Cabiria poster.jpg|thumb|Italian film ''[[Cabiria]]'' (1914), one of the earliest known epic films]]

'''Epic films''' are a style of filmmaking with large scale, sweeping scope, and spectacle. The usage of the term has shifted over time, sometimes designating a film [[genre]] and at other times simply synonymous with big-budget filmmaking. Like [[epic poetry|epics]] in the classical literary sense, it is often focused on a [[hero]]ic character. An epic's ambitious nature helps to set it apart from other types of film such as the [[period piece]] or [[adventure film]].

Epic historical films would usually take a historical or a mythical event and add an extravagant setting and lavish costumes, accompanied by an expansive [[film score|musical score]] with an [[ensemble cast]], which would make them among the most expensive of films to produce. The most common subjects of epic films are royalty, and important figures from various periods in world history.<ref name="filmsite">{{cite news |last=Tim Dirks |title=Epic Films |publisher=Filmsite |date=12 July 2008 |url=http://www.filmsite.org/epicsfilms.html |access-date=12 July 2008}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The term "epic" originally came from the poetic genre exemplified by such works as the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'' and the works of the [[Trojan War Cycle]]. In classical literature, epics are considered works focused on deeds or journeys of heroes upon which the fate of many people depends. Similarly, films described as "epic" typically take a historical character, or a [[myth]]ic heroic figure. Common subjects of epics are [[Royal family|royalty]], [[gladiators]], great military leaders, or leading personalities from various periods in world history. However, there are some films described as "epic" almost solely on the basis of their enormous scope and the sweeping panorama of their settings such as ''[[How the West Was Won (film)|How the West Was Won]]'' or ''[[East of Eden (film)|East of Eden]]'' that do not have the typical substance of classical epics but are directed in an epic style.

When described as "epic" because of content, an epic movie is often set during a time of war or other societal crisis, while usually covering a longer span of time sometimes throughout entire generations coming and passing away, in terms of both the events depicted and the running time of the film. Such films usually have a historical setting, although [[speculative fiction]] (i.e. [[fantasy]] or [[science fiction]]) settings have become common in recent decades. The central conflict of the film is usually seen as having far-reaching effects, often changing the course of history. The main characters' actions are often central to the resolution of the societal conflict.

In its classification of films by genre, the [[American Film Institute]] limits the genre to historical films such as ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]''. However, film scholars such as Constantine Santas are willing to extend the label to science-fiction films such as ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' and ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Responding to film: a text guide for students of cinema art |last=Santas |first=Constantine |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8304-1580-9 |page=32 }}</ref> Lynn Ramey suggests that "Surely one of the hardest film genres to define is that of the "epic" film, encompassing such examples as ''Ben-Hur'', ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' and more recently, ''[[300 (film)|300]]'' and the ''Star Wars'' films none of these comes from literary epics ''per se'', and there is little that links them with one another. Among those who espouse film genre studies, epic is one of the most despised and ignored genres".<ref>{{cite book |title=Hollywood in the Holy Land: essays on film depictions of the Crusades and Christian-Muslim clashes |last=Haydock |first=Nickolas |year=2009 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-4156-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodinholyl0000unse/page/153 153] |url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodinholyl0000unse/page/153 }}</ref> Finally, although the ''[[American Movie Channel]]'' formally defines epic films as historical films, they nonetheless state the epic film may be combined with the genre of science-fiction and cite ''Star Wars'' as an example.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/epicsfilms.html |title=Film Site Epics/Historical Films |publisher=Filmsite.org |access-date=2014-07-16}}</ref>

Stylistically, films classed as epic usually employ spectacular settings and specially designed costumes, often accompanied by a sweeping musical score, and an [[ensemble cast]] of [[bankable star]]s. Epics are usually among the most expensive of films to produce. They often use on-location filming, authentic period [[costume]]s, and action scenes on a massive scale. [[Biographical film]]s may be less lavish versions of this genre.

Many writers may refer to any film that is "long" (over two hours) as an epic, making the definition epic a matter of dispute, and raise questions as to whether it is a "genre" at all. As [[Roger Ebert]] put it, in his "Great Movies" article on ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'':<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20010902%2FREVIEWS08%2F109020301%2F1023 |title=Lawrence of Arabia (1962) |access-date=2007-06-18 |author=Roger Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=2001-09-02 |work=Great Movies |publisher=suntimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904211006/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20010902%2FREVIEWS08%2F109020301%2F1023 |archive-date=2005-09-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{quote|The word ''epic'' in recent years has become synonymous with ''big-budget [[B-movie|B picture]].'' What you realize watching ''Lawrence of Arabia'' is that the word ''epic'' refers not to the cost or the elaborate production, but to the size of the ideas and vision. Werner Herzog's ''[[Aguirre: The Wrath of God]]'' didn't cost as much as the catering in ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'', but it is an epic, and ''Pearl Harbor'' is not.}}

==History==
The epic is among the oldest of film genres, with one early notable example being [[Giovanni Pastrone]]'s ''[[Cabiria]]'', a two-and-a-half hour{{efn|Source of the runtime.{{sfn|Kinnard|Crnkovich|2017|p=7}}}} [[silent film]] about the [[Punic Wars]], which laid the groundwork for the subsequent silent epics of [[D. W. Griffith]].

The genre reached a peak of popularity in the early 1960s,<ref name="allmovie">{{cite news |last=allmovie |title=Explore by genre:Epic |publisher=allmovieg |date=2008-07-12 |url=http://www.allmovie.com/genre/epic-d657 |access-date=2014-03-05}}</ref> when Hollywood frequently collaborated with foreign film studios (such as Rome's [[Cinecittà]]) to use relatively exotic locations in Spain, Morocco and elsewhere for the production of epic films such as ''[[El Cid (film)|El Cid]]'' (1961) or ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' (1962). This boom period of international co-productions is generally considered to have ended with ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'' (1963), ''[[The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)|The Fall of the Roman Empire]]'' (1964) and ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' (1965). Nevertheless, films in this genre continued to appear, with one notable example being ''[[War and Peace (film series)|War and Peace]]'', which was released in the former [[Soviet Union]] during 1967–1968.
Epic films continue to be produced, although since the development of CGI they typically use computer effects instead of an actual cast of thousands. Since the 1950s, such films have regularly been shot with a wide [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] for a more immersive and panoramic theatrical experience.

Epic films were recognized in a montage at the [[78th Academy Awards|2006 Academy Awards]].

==Public reception==

===Gross revenue===
The enduring popularity of the epic is often accredited to their ability to appeal to a wide audience. Several of the [[List of highest-grossing films|highest-grossing films of all-time]] have been epics. [[James Cameron]]'s 1997 film ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'', which is cited as helping to revive the genre, grossed $1.8 billion at cinemas worldwide to become the highest-grossing film—a record it held for twelve years.<ref name="Segers (2010)">{{cite news |first=Frank |last=Segers |title='Avatar' breaks 'Titanic' worldwide record |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 25, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2010 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/avatar-breaks-titanic-worldwide-record-19914}}</ref> If inflation is taken into account, then the historical romantic epic ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' is the highest-grossing film ever, with two other romantic epics (''Titanic'' and ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'') also featuring among the global top ten.<ref name="Guinness 2015">{{cite book |title=Guinness World Records |edition=2015 |year=2014 |volume=60 |isbn=978-1-908843-70-8 |pages=160–161 |last1=Records |first1=Guinness World}}</ref>

===Academy Awards===
So far the most Academy Awards ever won by a single film stands at eleven. This feat has only been achieved by three films: ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'' (1959), ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (1997) and ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' (2003), all of which are above three hours long and considered epic films. The previous record holder was [[Gone with the Wind (film)|''Gone with the Wind'']] (1939), also an epic, with ten awards.

==See also==
{{commonscat|Epic films}}
*[[Historical fantasy]]
*[[Historical fiction]]
*[[Historical drama]]
*[[Sword-and-sandal]]
*[[Sword and planet]]
*[[Sword and sorcery]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kinnard|first1=Roy|last2=Crnkovich|first2=Tony|date=2017|title=Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908-1990|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1476662916}}

==Further reading==
* Constantine Santas, ''The Epic in Film: From Myth to Blockbuster''. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland: 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-7425-5528-0}}.
* Constantine Santas, James M. Wilson, Maria Colavito, Djoymi Baker, ''The Encyclopedia of Epic Films'', Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland: 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-8247-8}}

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[[Category:Epic films| ]]
[[Category:Film genres]]

Epic film - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 13:33, 20 August 2023