>Neils51 at 21:04, 5 July 2021

2021-07-05T21:04:56Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{about|the erstwhile province in Kerala|other uses|Eranad (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Eranad
| other_name = Ernad
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Erstwhile Province
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Manjeri Town Calicut Road View.jpg
| photo2a = Near cherumb eco vilalge .jpg
| photo2b = Chaliyar - Areekode Bridge.jpg
| photo3a = Kadalundi Bridge - A border of Malappuram and Kozhikode.jpg
| photo3b = Nilambur teak forest 3740.JPG
| photo4a = Vaidyar.JPG
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = white
| size = 210
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top:'''<br/>[[Manjeri]] city, [[Chaliyar]] River at [[Areekode]], Conolly's plot at [[Nilambur]], [[Maha Kavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smarakam]] at [[Kondotty]], [[Kadalundi River]] estuary at [[Vallikkunnu]], [[Karuvarakundu]]
}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.119198|N|76.119631|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Malappuram
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Taluk Headquarters
| seat = [[Manjeri]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL 10
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Eranad''' refers to the erstwhile province in the midland area of Malabar, consisting of [[Malappuram]] and nearby regions such as Anakkayam, Manjeri, Kondotty, [[Nilambur]], etc. Currently [[Eranad Taluk]] is a [[Tehsil|Taluk]] in [[Malappuram district]]. Eranad was ruled by a [[Samanthan Nair]] clan known as [[Eradi]]s, similar to the [[M. K. Vellodi|Vellodi]]s of neighbouring [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]] and [[Nedungadi]]s of [[Ottapalam|Nedunganad]]. The rulers of Eranad were known by the title ''Eralppad''/''Eradi''. They also used the title [[Thirumulpad]].

Ernad had two capitals during various times, [[Nediyiruppu]], in [[Kondotty]] under Chera rule,<ref name="KrishnaIyer2">K. V. Krishna Iyer, ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806''. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938.</ref> and Kottappadi, in [[Malappuram]] under Zamorin rule. Present-day Ernad taluk headquarters is at [[Manjeri]]. The Ernad Taluk under British [[Malabar District]] was the land between two rivers, [[Chaliyar]] and [[Kadalundi River]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> On west it was bound by the [[Nilgiri Mountains]]. It was the largest Taluk in [[Malabar District]].<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=1–2|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref> It had included the whole of present-day [[Eranad Taluk]], [[Nilambur]] Taluk, [[Kondotty Taluk]], [[Tirurangadi Taluk Office|Tirurangadi Taluk]], and two villages in [[Tirur Taluk]] ([[Kottakkal]] and [[Ponmala]]), and three villages in present-day [[Kozhikode]] Taluk, ([[Feroke]], [[Ramanattukara]], and [[Kadalundi]]).<ref name="google.co.in">{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Madras_district_gazetteers_Malabar_distr/aUEwnQEACAAJ?hl=en |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Zamorin]] was actually known as ''[[Eradi]]'' (Ruler of Eranadu) before he shifted his headquarters from [[Nediyiruppu]] to [[Kozhikode]].

The ancient port of [[Tyndis]] which was located on the northern side of [[Muziris]], as mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', was somewhere around Eranadu.<ref name="Kerala">{{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}</ref> Its exact location is a matter of dispute.<ref name="Kerala"/> The suggested locations are [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Beypore]]-[[Chaliyam]]-[[Kadalundi]]-[[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Koyilandy]].<ref name="Kerala"/> Note that all the above regions excluding [[Koyilandy]] are located in or around Eranadu. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to [[Muziris]], between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="odra">A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis. </ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373. </ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301. </ref>

[[Chaliyam]] in the northwestern end of Eranadu is also home to one of the oldest mosques in [[India]]. According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], Madayi, [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and Chaliyam, were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] was died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref>

Eranad (from "Erala-nadu", the Land of the Cattle, according to [[William Logan (Malabar Manual)|William Logan]]), was originally a province in the [[Chera Dynasty|Chera Kingdom]] (9th-12th century CE) ruled by a clan known as the Eradis.<ref name="Logan"/> Their provincial capital was at [[Nediyiruppu]], near present-day [[Kondotti|Kondotty]].<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> The ruler of the Eralanadu was known as the Eralanadu Utaiyavar, Elar-thiri or Nediyiruppu Mooppan or Mooppil Nayar.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> Manavepala Manaviyan, a governor of the Eralanadu, signs himself in the famous [[Jewish Copper Plate]] (1000 CE).<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> The Viraraghava Copper Plate (1225 CE) is also signed by the Eralanadu ruler.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/>

After the fall of the Cheras, the region became an independent political entity.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> Later, the Eradis expanded their kingdom to the west and moved their capital to [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] while setting up a regional capital at Kottappadi, [[Malappuram]] with Paranambi as the chieftain.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> The Eradis came to be known as the "Kings of the Oceans" ([[Zamorin|Samoothiri/Zamorin]]) in later times.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/>

The Ernad taluk existed during British Colonial rule in India was under [[Malappuram]] Revenue Division, along with the neighbouring [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad Taluk]], a part of [[Malabar District]] within the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="Malabar"/> The oldest teak plantation of the world at [[Nilambur]], and the first tile-manufacturing industry of India at [[Feroke]], were in Eranad.

In the first decade after Independence, large-scale changes in the territorial jurisdiction of this region took place with the formation of new taluks.<ref name="Malabar"/> On 1 January 1957 [[Tirur Taluk]] was formed, by absorbing portions of Eranad and [[Ponnani taluk]]s.<ref name="1961_kkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (2) - Kozhikode (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Ernakulam|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf}}</ref> Three more taluks, namely [[Tirurangadi taluk]] and [[Nilambur taluk]], and [[Kondotty Taluk]],<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cabinet-nod-for-12-new-taluks/article4718125.ece</ref> were formed later by bifurcating Tirur Taluk and Eranad taluk.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |title=District Census Handbook, Malappuram |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], the author of Malabar Manual and a former District Collector of Malabar, described Eranad as the most typical Taluk of erstwhile [[Malabar District]], having many smaller hills, valleys, Conolly Canal, long rivers and their tributaries ([[Chaliyar]] and [[Kadalundi River]]), various plantations, paddy fields etc.<ref name="Logan"/> The highest peaks in the erstwhile [[Malabar District]] was located in [[Nilambur]] region of Eranad (Eastern Eranad) on the vicinity of [[Nilgiri Mountains]].<ref name="Logan"/> The 2,554 m high [[Mukurthi]] peak, which is situated in the border of modern-day [[Nilambur]] Taluk and [[Ooty]] Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in [[South India]] as well as the third-highest in Kerala after [[Anamudi]] (2,696 m) and [[Meesapulimala]] (2,651 m), was the highest point of elevation in Malabar district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the [[Idukki district]]. The 2,383 high [[Anginda peak]], which is located closer to Malappuram-[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]-[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] district border is the second-highest peak.<ref name="Logan"/> [[Vavul Mala]], a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], and [[Thamarassery]] Taluk of [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] districts, was the third-highest point of elevation in the district.<ref name="Logan"/> Apart from the main continuous range of Western Ghats, there were many small undulating hills in the lowland of the district.<ref name="Logan"/>

In the British records, Eastern Eranad region was collectively described as ''Nilambur Valley''.<ref name="c1951">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=1|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref> The bank of river [[Chaliyar]] at Nilambur region is also known for natural [[Gold]] fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=61|title=Mineral Deposits in Kerala}}</ref> Explorations done at the valley of the river [[Chaliyar]] in Nilambur has shown reserves of the order of 2.5 million cubic meters of placers with 0.1 gram per cubic meter of gold.<ref name="geographymalappuram">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website= censusindia.gov.in |title=Physical divisions of Malappuram |pages = 21–22}}</ref> Eranad is blessed with several tributaries of [[Chaliyar]] river and [[Kadalundi river]].

==Malabar Rebellion==
The region was the centre of the [[Malabar Rebellion]] of 1921. This armed uprising against British and feudal lords was put down by the Colonial government.

==Eranad, the name also used by==
* Eranad Cement Private Limited<ref>[http://eranadcement.com/]</ref>
* Ernad Engineering Enterprises Private Limited<ref>[https://ernad.in/]</ref>
* Eranad Express<ref>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/news/kerala/ernad-express-kannur-intercity-express-to-conduct-service-partially-today-train-schedule-change-1.3097740]</ref>
* Eranad Township Complex Private Limited<ref>[https://m.economictimes.com/company/eranad-township-complex-private-limited/U45202KL2007PTC020266]</ref>
* Eranad Hallmarking Centre Private Limited<ref>[https://m.economictimes.com/company/eranad-hallmarking-centre-private-limited/U74999KL2017PTC049849]</ref>
* Eranad Knowledge City<ref>[http://www.ekc.edu.in/]</ref>
* Eranad Estates Private Limited
* Eranad Travel And Tourism Private Limited
* Eranad Beverages Private Limited
* Eranad Properties Private Limited
* Eranad Hospital, [[Manjeri]]
* Eranad Floorings LLP

==Eranad Taluk under British Rule==
[[File:Malabar District (1951 Census).svg|thumbnail|[[Eranad]] Taluk in the erstwhile [[Malabar District]]]]
The ''Amsoms'' included in Ernad Taluk was classified into four divisions- ''Parappur (Southern Parappanad)'', ''Ramanad'', ''Cheranad'', and ''Eranad''. There were 52 ''Amsoms'' in the Taluk.<ref name="Logan"/> (A part of Cheranad division was under Ponnani Taluk). The British Eranad Taluk was created in 1860-61by merging the erstwhile British Taluks of Southern Parappanad, Ramanad, Cheranad, and Eranad, which were vested between River [[Chaliyar]] and [[Kadalundi River]].<ref name="Logan"/>

1. '''''Parappur (Southern Parappanad)'''''

Southern [[Parappanad]] was a vassal of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. [[Parappanangadi]], the headquarters of Parappanad royal family, was at Southern Parappanad.<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of the following 7 ''Amsoms'':
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Kadalundi|Pazhanchannur]]
* [[Kadalundi|Mannur]]
* [[Tenhipalam]]
* [[Neduva]]
* [[Vallikunnu]]
* [[Parappanangadi]]
* [[Nannambra]]<ref name="Logan"/>
{{div col end}}

2. '''''Ramanad'''''

''Ramanad'' was directly ruled by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of the following 7 ''Amsoms'':
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Feroke|Nallur]]
* [[Vazhayur|Azhinjilam]]
* [[Cherukavu]]
* [[Vazhayur|Karad]]
* [[Vallikunnu|Karumarakkad]]
* [[Karippur]]
* [[Chelembra]]<ref name="Logan"/>
{{div col end}}

3. '''''Cheranad'''''

''Cheranad'' was also directly ruled by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Logan"/> ''Cheranad'' was scattered in Eranad and Ponnani Taluks. The headquarters of Cheranad was [[Tirurangadi]]. It consisted of the following 17 ''Amsoms'':
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
'''''Eranad Taluk'''''
* Olakara
* Trikkulam
* [[Abdu Rahiman Nagar|Koduvayur]]
* [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]]
* Kannamangalam
* [[Oorakam|Oorakam-Melmuri]]
* Puthur
* [[Kottakkal]]
* Indiannur
* Valakkulam<ref name="Logan"/>
* [[Edayur|Vadakkumpuram]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
'''''Ponnani Taluk'''''
* [[Valiyakunnu]]
* [[Valanchery|Kattipparuthi]]
* [[Athavanad]]
* [[Ummathoor]]
* [[Irimbiliyam]]
* [[Parudur]]<ref name="Logan"/>
{{div col end}}

4. '''''Eranad'''''

''[[Eranad]]'' was the original headquarters of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. It was later changed to [[Kozhikode]] with the conquest of ''Polanad''. It also was under the direct rule of the Zamorin.<ref name="Logan"/> It consisted of the following 26 ''Amsoms'':
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Mappram
* [[Cheekkode]]
* [[Urangattiri]]
* [[Mampad]]
* [[Nilambur]]
* [[Porur, Malappuram|Porur]]
* [[Wandoor]]
* [[Thiruvali]]
* [[Trikkalangode]]
* [[Karakunnu, Nilambur|Karakunnu]]
* [[Perakamanna, Areekode|Iruvetti]]
* [[Kavanoor]]
* Chengara
* Puliyakode
* [[Kuzhimanna]]
* Kolathur
* [[Nediyiruppu]]
* Keezhmuri
* [[Melmuri]]
* [[Arimbra Hills, Malappuram|Arimbra]]
* [[Valluvambram Junction|Valluvambram]]
* [[Irumbuzhi]]
* [[Manjeri]]
* [[Payyanad, Manjeri|Payyanad]]
* [[Elankur, Manjeri|Elankur]]
* [[Ponmala]]<ref name="Logan"/>
{{div col end}}

==Transportation==
The Ernad area connects with other parts of India through highway NH966. Multiple state highways connect the region with other parts of the district as well as the rest of the state. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Karipur]]. The nearest major railway station is at [[Tirur Railway Station|Tirur]], which is also the oldest Railway Station in the state of [[Kerala]].

==See also==
*[[Eranad Taluk]]
*[[Zamorin]]
*[[Kozhikode]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{Citation
| author = K. V. Krishna Iyer
| title = Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806
| publisher = Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379
| year = 1938}}

{{Malappuram district}}
{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Manjeri]]
[[Category:Kondotty area]]

Eranad - Revision history

>Neils51 at 21:04, 5 July 2021