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{{Short description|Ongoing conflict in northeast India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Ethnic conflict in Nagaland
| partof = [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
| image = Nagaland locator map.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = State of Nagaland
| date = 11 September 1958 – ''present'' ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1958|month1=9||day1=11}})
| place = [[Nagaland]], [[Northeast India]]
| status = Conflict ongoing
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN]] signed a peace accord with the [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-signs-landmark-nagaland-peace-treaty-with-nscni-m-in-presence-of-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/48332059.cms | location=India | work=The Economic Times | title=Government signs landmark Nagaland peace treaty with NSCN(I-M) in presence of PM Narendra Modi | date=3 August 2015 | access-date=18 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822042254/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-signs-landmark-nagaland-peace-treaty-with-nscni-m-in-presence-of-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/48332059.cms | archive-date=22 August 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| result =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
* [[Nagaland]]
----
{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Myanmar]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sagaing Division.svg|22px|border}} [[Sagaing Region]]
| combatant2 = [[Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front|CKRF]] [[Kuki Defence Force|KDF]] [[Kuki Independent Army|KIA]] [[Kuki International Force|KIF]] [[Kangleipak Kanba Kanglup|KKK]] [[Kuki Liberation Army|KLA]] [[Kuki National Front|KNF]] {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-K]] {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-IM]] [[Rengma Naga Hills Protection Force|RNHPF]] [[United Kukigam Defence Army|UKDA]] [[United Kuki Liberation Front|UKLF]] [[United Naga People’s Council|UNPC]] (until 2013)
| commander1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Rajendra Prasad]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Varahagiri Venkata Giri]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Zail Singh]] {{flagicon|India}} [[R. Venkataraman]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] {{flagicon|India}} [[K. R. Narayanan]] {{flagicon|India}} [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Pratibha Patil]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Pranab Mukherjee]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Ram Nath Kovind]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Droupadi Murmu]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Vishnu Sahay]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Braj Kumar Nehru]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Lallan Prasad Singh]] {{flagicon|India}} [[S. M. H. Burney|Sayed Muzaffar Hussain Burney]] {{flagicon|India}} [[K. V. Krishna Rao|Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Lokanath Misra]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Madathilparampil Mammen Thomas]] {{flagicon|India}} [[V.K. Nayyar]] {{flagicon|India}} [[O.N. Shrivastava]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Om Prakash Sharma (Nagaland politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Shyamal Datta]] {{flagicon|India}} [[K. Wilson]] {{flagicon|India}} [[K. Sankaranarayanan|Kateekal Sankaranarayanan]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Gurbachan Jagat]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Nikhil Kumar]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Ashwani Kumar (police officer)|Ashwani Kumar]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Padmanabha Acharya]] {{flagicon|Burma|1948}} [[Ba U]] {{flagicon|Burma|1948}} [[Win Maung]] {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Ne Win]] {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[San Yu]] {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Saw Maung]] {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Thein Sein]] {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Htin Kyaw]] {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Win Myint (politician, born 1951)|Win Myint]] [[File:Flag of Sagaing Division.svg|22px|border]] [[Tha Aye]] [[File:Flag of Sagaing Division.svg|22px|border]] [[Myint Naing]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} [[Thuingaleng Muivah]]
| strength1 = {{Flagicon|India}} 200,000 (1995)<ref name= Code >[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112118/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data/eacd_notes.pdf Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook] pp. 81–82</ref>
| strength2 = {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} 4,500 NSCN-IM (2007)<ref name= EPC >[http://escolapau.uab.cat/img/programas/procesos/07anuarie.pdf Anuario 2007 de los Procesos de Paz. ECP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190428/http://escolapau.uab.cat/img/programas/procesos/07anuarie.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} pp. 86</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/nscn_im.htm |title=National Socialist Council of Nagaland – Isak-Muivah |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223191051/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/nscn_im.htm |archive-date=23 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} 2,000 NSCN-K (2007)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/nscn_k.htm |title=National Socialist Council of Nagaland – Khaplang |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052936/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/nscn_k.htm |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| casualties1 = '''{{Flag|India}} and {{Flag|Burma}}''': Unknown
| casualties2 = {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} '''NSCN''': Unknown
| casualties3 = 2,000 Killed total (official).<ref name= EPC /> 3,000 Killed total (independent sources).<ref>''[http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/nl/articles/india/summer2004.pdf The India-Naga Conflict: A Long-Standing War with Few Prospects of Imminent Solution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140810/http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/nl/articles/india/summer2004.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}''. Katherine Phillips. Intern, ''Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit'', London. CHRI News, verano de 2004.</ref>
}}
The '''insurgency in [[Nagaland]]''', in [[North-East India|northeastern]] [[India]], is an ongoing conflict fought between the ethnic [[Naga people|Nagas]] and the governments of India. Nagaland inhabited by the Nagas is located at the tri-junction border of India on the West and South, north and Myanmar on the East.

"National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)", which wants an independent "greater Nagaland" to also include territory now in Myanmar, based on ethnicity; and the "Naga National Council (Adino)".<ref>"Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume", p. 253, by P. K. Mohanty.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The question of "Naga Sovereignty" was put to plebiscite on 16 May 1951. To defend themselves, the Naga after much deliberation formed the armed wing of NNC, came to be known as NSG (Naga Safe Guards) under Kaito Sukhai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Comdt Jassal (Retd)|date=31 October 2002|title=The Truth And Naga Issue|url=http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/October2002/nagaissue31_1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215190948/http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/October2002/nagaissue31_1.htm|archive-date=5 December 2004}}</ref>{{Further citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==History==
1946 saw the creation of the Naga National Council (NNC) under Phizo's leadership. The NNC leaders and the Governor of Assam, Sir Akbar Hydari, signed a Nine-Point Agreement which granted Nagas rights over their lands and legislative and executive powers. The judicial capacity of Naga courts were empowered and no law from the provincial or central legislatures could affect this agreement. Very significantly, the agreement included a clause demanding that the Nagas be brought into the same administrative unit at the earliest. However, one clause stipulated<ref>{{cite book|author=Namrata Goswami|title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|date=27 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-51431-1|page=47}}</ref>

<blockquote>The Governor of Assam as the agent of the Government of India will have a special responsibility for a period of ten years to ensure that due observance of this agreement to be extended for a further period, or a new agreement regarding the future of the Naga people to be arrived at.</blockquote>

The interpretation of this clause has been contested between the Nagas and the Indian Government. To Nagas this clause meant independence from India at the end of the ten-year period. To the India Government this clause meant making a new agreement after the ten-year period if the present agreement did not address Naga issues sufficiently. Phizo rejected the Nine-Point Agreement to who the agreement fell short of dealing with the issue of Naga sovereignty.<ref name="Namrata Goswami 48">{{cite book|author=Namrata Goswami|title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|date=27 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-51431-1|page=48}}</ref> The NNC under Phizo's leadership declared Naga independence on 14 August 1947 and with success propagated the idea of Naga sovereignty throughout the Naga tribes. A Naga plebiscite was organised on 16 May 1951.<ref>{{cite book|author=Namrata Goswami|title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|date=27 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-51431-1|page=45}}</ref> The Naga struggle remained peaceful in the 1940s and early 1950s.<ref name="Namrata Goswami 48"/>

The Naga insurgency, climaxing in 1956, was an armed ethnic conflict led by the Naga National Council (NNC) which aimed for the secession of Naga territories from India. The more radical sectors of NNC created the Federal Government of Nagaland (FGN) which also included an underground Naga Army.<ref>{{cite book|author=Namrata Goswami|title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|date=27 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-51431-1|pages=43–}}</ref>

The insurgency witnessed a new spark in 2021 once Fourteen innocent citizens of Nagaland while returning to their homes after a day long work from the coal mines were ambushed and killed by the Indian Army Soldiers of the 21 Para Special Forces army unit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=India: Army Kills 14 Civilians in Nagaland|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/12/08/india-army-kills-14-civilians-nagaland|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> The killings led to wide ranging protests to hold the soldiers accountable and asked for repealing of the Armed Forces Special Power Act. The Act commonly known as [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|AFSPA]] was enacted in the state in 1958 by central government of India which authorizes soldiers of the armed forces to shoot any suspected individual without formal orders from any superior civilian authority.

== Rebel groups ==
Several rebel groups have operated in Nagaland since the mid-twentieth century, including the following:
# [[Naga National Council]]: a political organisation active in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which became separatist under [[Angami Zapu Phizo]].
# [[Naga National Council (Adino)]] – NNC (Adino): the oldest political Naga organisation, now led by the daughter of Naga rebel [[A.Z. Phizo]].
# [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah)]]: formed on 31 January 1980 by Isak Chishi Swu, Thuingaleng Muivah and [[S. S. Khaplang]] [http://adamant.typepad.com/seitz/madrassic_park/index.html ADAMANT]. They want to establish a ‘Greater Nagaland’ (‘Nagalim’ or the People’s Republic of Nagaland) based on [[Mao Zedong|Mao Tse Tung]]’s model.
# [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)]]: formed on 30 April 1988, its goal is to establish a ‘greater Nagaland’ based on ethnicity, comprising the Naga-dominated areas within India, and contiguous areas in Myanmar.
# [[Naga Federal Government]]: separatist movement active in Nagaland during the 1970s. After its leader was captured and the headquarters destroyed, NFG's activities decreased.<ref name="book">{{cite book|title=Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature|author1=Schmid, A.P.|author2=Jongman, A.J.|date=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412804691|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNd_PsqIZzkC|page=572|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
# [[Naga Federal Army]]: separatist guerrilla organisation active in the 1970s. Several hundred members of NFA reportedly have received training in China.<ref name="book"/>

==See also==
* [[Nagaland Peace Accord]]
* [[List of massacres in Nagaland]]
* [[Asymmetric warfare]]
* [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]]
* [[People's war]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wfn.org/1998/02/msg00057.html Baptist Agenda for Peace in Nagalim, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312094654/http://www.wfn.org/1998/02/msg00057.html |date=12 March 2010 }}
*[http://www.dailyherald.com/special/passagefromindia/nagaland.asp "A remote land of jungle, Jesus – and religious war"], ''Daily Herald,'' 5 May 2003
* [http://www.the-week.com/23feb09/events2.htm "Peace talks an insult to Nagas"], ''The Week,'' 9 February 2003.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081021114407/http://www.washdiplomat.com/03-10/a4_03_10.html "Religious Fervor May Dominate Emerging Indian State of Nagalim"], ''The Washington Diplomat,'' October 2003
* [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/002/38.51.html "The most Baptist state in the world—Nagaland—is vying to become a powerhouse for cross-cultural missions"], ''Christianity Today,'' 20 February.
*[http://www.christiantoday.com/news/nat_422.htm "We want t penetrate China, Cambodia, Burma, Vietnam and Laos and Nepal with the Gospel"], ''Christian Today (India),'' 29 August 2003.
* [http://www.wfn.org/1998/02/msg00057.html "Nagas want solution, not election"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312094654/http://www.wfn.org/1998/02/msg00057.html |date=12 March 2010 }}, Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America, February 1998
* [http://www.indpride.com/churchbacksterrorism.html "Church Backs Terrorism in the North-East"], Ind Pride
* [http://www.vanvasikalyanparishad.org/q4.htm "Role of the Church – Charity or...?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201020833/http://www.vanvasikalyanparishad.org/q4.htm |date=1 December 2008 }}, Vanvasi Kalyan Parishad
*[http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/nagaland1954.htm "Nagaland 1954"], On War

{{Ongoing military conflicts}}

[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India|*]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:History of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Ethnic conflicts|Nagaland]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Asia]]

Ethnic conflict in Nagaland - Revision history

Bot at 14:47, 16 December 2022