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{{Short description|1972 expulsion of Indians by Idi Amin}}
[[File:Aziaten die Oeganda uitgewezen zijn op Schiphol, groep Aziaten na aankomst, Bestanddeelnr 926-0503.jpg|thumb|260px|Indians expelled from Uganda arriving at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]], November 1972]]
{{Idi Amin sidebar}}
{{History of Uganda}}
In early August 1972, the [[President of Uganda]] [[Idi Amin]] ordered the expulsion of his country's [[Indians in Uganda|Indian minority]], giving them 90 days to leave the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Desai |first1=Niranjan |last2=Journal |first2=Indian Foreign Affairs |date=2012 |title=Revisiting the 1972 Expulsion of Asians from Uganda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341851 |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=446–458 |jstor=45341851 |issn=0973-3248}}</ref><ref name="BBC On This Day">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm |title=1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda |date=7 August 1972 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> At the time, South Asians in East Africa were simply known as "Asians".<ref name="washpo">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/08/04/uganda-idi-amin-asians-1992/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=50 years ago, Uganda ordered its entire Asian population to leave |author=Meghan Garrity |date=4 August 2022}}</ref> Having first arrived in the late 1800s as migrant laborers to build the [[Uganda Railway]], they would go on to dominate trade in the country.<ref name="washpo" />

The original August 4 order applied only to British subjects of South Asian origin, but was expanded on August 9 to citizens of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan.<ref name="itv">[https://www.itv.com/news/central/2022-07-17/how-brutality-in-uganda-forced-tens-of-thousands-of-asians-from-home Why Ugandan Asians were expelled by Idi Amin and how they ended up in UK]</ref> It was later expanded to include 20,000 Ugandan citizens of South Asian ethnicities (later rescinded).<ref name="itv" /><ref name="washpo" /> At the time of the expulsion, there were about 80,000 individuals of Indian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /><ref name="Jørgensen1981">{{harvnb|Jørgensen|1981|pp=285–290}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garrity |first=Meghan M. |date=2023 |title=What Enables or Constrains Mass Expulsion? A New Decision-Making Framework |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09636412.2023.2229238 |journal=Security Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=537–567 |language=en |doi=10.1080/09636412.2023.2229238 |s2cid=260007842 |issn=0963-6412|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The expulsion took place against the backdrop of [[anti-Indian sentiment]] and [[black supremacy]] in Uganda, with Amin accusing a minority of the Indians of disloyalty, non-integration, and commercial malpractice, claims that Indian leaders disputed.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was "giving Uganda back to ethnic Ugandans".<ref name="Jørgensen1981" />

Many of those who were expelled were [[citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies]] and 27,200 emigrated to the [[United Kingdom]]. Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to [[Canada]], 4,500 refugees ended up in [[India]] and 2,500 went to nearby [[Kenya]] or to [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> Departing Asians were limited to $120 and {{cvt|485|lb}} of property.<ref name="washpo" /> In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were confiscated, along with cars, homes and other household goods.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" />

The expulsion did significant damage to both Uganda's economy and international reputation. Many world leaders condemned the expulsion and several nations, particularly the United Kingdom and India, cut diplomatic ties as a result. The economy suffered a significant drop in gross domestic product. Following the accession of [[Yoweri Museveni]] to the presidency, some Indian Ugandans returned.

== Background ==
The presence of Indians in Uganda was the result of deliberate choices by the British administration that ruled Uganda from 1894 to 1962.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Henckaerts|Sohn|1995|pp=22–24}}.</ref> They were brought to the [[Uganda Protectorate]] by the British to work "between Europeans and Africans in the middle rungs of commerce and administration".<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> In addition, in the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British Indians were [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|brought to Southeast Africa]] under indentured labour contracts to work on the construction of the [[Uganda Railway]].<ref>{{harvnb|Jørgensen|1981|p=43}}.</ref> Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 individuals decided to remain in the [[African Great Lakes]] after the line's completion.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=Jamal |first=Vali |date=November 1976 |title=Asians in Uganda, 1880–1972: Inequality and Expulsion |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=602–616 |doi=10.2307/2595346 |jstor=2595346 |issn=0013-0117 |oclc=716168303 |ref=none}}</ref> At the time of the expulsion, there were approximately 80,000 individuals of South Asian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia">{{harvnb|Patel|1972|pp=12–19}}.</ref> Up to 50,000 were British passport holders,<ref name="BBC On This Day" /> though Amin himself used the apparently exaggerated figure of 80,000 British passport holders in his initial expulsion speech.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

The British had invested in the education of the Asian minority, in preference to that of indigenous Ugandans.<ref name=":0" /> By the early 1970s, many Indians in Southeast Africa and Uganda were employed in the [[Tailor|sartorial]] and [[banking]] businesses<ref name=":2" /> and [[Indophobia]] was already engrained by the start of Amin's rule in February 1971.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> While not all Ugandan Indians were well off, they were on average better off than the indigenous communities,<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> constituting 1% of the population while earning a fifth of the national income.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujaratis-survived-Idi-Amin-fuelled-East-Africas-economy/articleshow/3625352.cms |title=Gujaratis survived Idi Amin, fuelled East Africa's economy |date=October 22, 2008 |first1=Ashish |last1=Vashi |first2=Ankur |last2=Jain |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Indians were stereotyped as "merely traders" and labelled as "dukahwallas" (traders, an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time<ref name=":2" />), who tried to cheat unsuspecting purchasers and looked out only for their own families.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Patel|1972|pp=19–21}}.</ref> Racial segregation was institutionalised.<ref name=":1" /> Gated ethnic communities offered elite and exclusive healthcare and schooling services. Additionally, the tariff system in Uganda had historically been oriented toward the economic interests of South Asian traders.<ref name="Journal of Modern African Studies">{{harvnb|Jamal|1976}}.</ref>

[[Milton Obote]]'s government had pursued a policy of "Africanisation" which included policies targeted at Ugandan Indians. The 1968 Committee on the "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry", for example, had made far-reaching Indophobic proposals and a system of work permits and trade licences was introduced in 1969 to restrict the role of non-citizen Indians in economic and professional activities. Nevertheless, Amin's policies represented a significant acceleration.<ref name=":1" /> In August 1971, Amin announced a review of the citizenship status awarded to Uganda's Asian community, followed by the declaration of a [[census]] of Uganda's Asian population in October that year.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /><ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> In order to resolve the "misunderstandings" regarding the role of Uganda's Asian minority in society, he convened an Indian 'conference' for 7–8 December. In a memorandum presented on the second day of the conference, he set out his hope that "the wide gap" between Ugandan Indians and Africans would narrow.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> While paying tribute to Indians' contribution to the economy and the professions, he accused a minority of the Asian population of disloyalty, non-integration and commercial malpractice, claims Indian leaders disputed.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> On the vexed question of citizenship, he said his government would recognise citizenship rights already granted, but all outstanding applications for citizenship (which by this point were thought to number more than 12,000) would be cancelled.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

This expulsion of an ethnic minority was not the first in Uganda's history as the country's [[Kenya]]n minority, numbering approximately 30,000, had been expelled in 1969–70.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /><ref>{{harvnb|Mutibwa|1992|p=67}}.</ref>

== Expulsion ==
[[File:Idi Amin -Archives New Zealand AAWV 23583, KIRK1, 5(B), R23930288.jpg|thumb|upright|Idi Amin, pictured shortly after the expulsion]]

On 4 August 1972, Amin declared that Britain would need to take on the responsibility for caring for British subjects who were of Indian origin,<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> accusing them of "sabotaging Uganda's economy and encouraging corruption".<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> The deadline for British subjects to leave was confirmed as three months, which came to mean 8 November. On 9 August, the policy was expanded to include citizens of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> The position of the 23,000 Indians who had been granted Ugandan citizenship (and in particular those who held no other citizenship) was less clear. Not originally included, on 19 August, they were seemingly added to the list, before being re-exempted three days later following international protest. Many chose to leave rather than endure further intimidation, with only 4,000 known to have stayed.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> Exemptions for certain professions were added, then later removed.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /><ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

The precise motivation for the expulsion remains unclear. Some of Amin's former supporters suggest that it followed a dream in which, he claimed, [[God in Islam|Allah]] had told him to expel them, as well as plot vengeance against the British government for refusing to provide him with arms to invade Tanzania.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Idi-Amin-had-targeted-Indians-in-70s/articleshow/1911455.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324184819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-04-15/india/27882308_1_devang-raval-museveni-indians |url-status=live |archive-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Idi Amin had targeted Indians in 70s |date=15 April 2007}}</ref> Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was giving Uganda back to the ethnic Ugandans:

{{quote|We are determined to make the ordinary Ugandan master of his own destiny, and above all to see that he enjoys the wealth of his country. Our deliberate policy is to transfer the economic control of Uganda into the hands of Ugandans, for the first time in our country's history.|Idi Amin|quoted in ''Uganda: a modern history''.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" />}}

The expulsion and redistribution of property were officially termed "Operation Mafuta Mingi".{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=182}} Ugandan soldiers during this period engaged in theft and physical and sexual violence against the Indians with impunity.<ref>{{cite web |title=When Idi Amin expelled 50,000 'Asians' from Uganda |url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/when-idi-amin-expelled-50000-asians-from-uganda |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=Adam Smith Institute |date=4 August 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Letters from Asians told of being stopped on the way out by bands of Ugandan soldiers. All of their belongings would be taken and the men would be forced to lie down on the ground while the women were raped.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLFAi7-rLGoC&q=from+citizen+to+refugee |title=From Citizen to Refugee: Uganda Asians Come to Britain |date=2011-12-08 |publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka |isbn=978-1-906387-57-0 |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, there were tellings of Asians who had been kidnapped by soldiers, of families who paid fortunes for the returns of the male members, and of other families who lost their father or brothers because they had no money to pay a ransom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLFAi7-rLGoC&q=from+citizen+to+refugee |title=From Citizen to Refugee: Uganda Asians Come to Britain |date=2011-12-08 |publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka |isbn=978-1-906387-57-0 |language=en}}</ref> Restrictions were imposed on the sale or transfer of private businesses by Ugandan Indians and on 16 August Amin made it clear that after he was done with Indian-owned businesses, European-owned businesses would be next.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

During this time, every Asian came to a realisation—through painful personal experiences throughout the expulsion—of the realness of color and its political implications.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLFAi7-rLGoC&q=from+citizen+to+refugee |title=From Citizen to Refugee: Uganda Asians Come to Britain |date=2011-12-08 |publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka |isbn=978-1-906387-57-0 |language=en}}</ref> The fact that the Asians held a Ugandan or British passport did not matter. Instead, what mattered was the color of their skin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLFAi7-rLGoC&q=from+citizen+to+refugee |title=From Citizen to Refugee: Uganda Asians Come to Britain |date=2011-12-08 |publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka |isbn=978-1-906387-57-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact ==
{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote=The Indians only milked the cow, but they did not feed it to yield more milk. There are now Black faces in every shop and industry. All the big cars in Uganda are now driven by Africans, and not the former bloodsuckers. The rest of Africa can learn from us.|source=—President [[Idi Amin]]{{sfn|Seftel|2010|p=155}}}}

Amin's decrees drew immediate worldwide condemnation, including from India. The Indian government warned Uganda of dire consequences, but took no action when Amin's government ignored the ultimatum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paralumun.com/waridiamin.htm |title=Idia Amin Biography |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927025444/http://www.paralumun.com/waridiamin.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Initially, India maintained diplomatic ties with Uganda<ref>{{cite book |last=Yadav |first=S.N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEvAa0WiQqkC&q=UN%20Indian%20expulsion%20Uganda&pg=PA201 |title=India-Uganda Relations: A New Model for South-south Cooperation |publisher=Global Vision Pub House |year=2008 |isbn=978-8182202962 |location=New Delhi |pages=201}}</ref> but later severed diplomatic relations with Amin's regime.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/read-about-how-idi-amins-vengeance-drives-the-asian-community-out-of-uganda/article7507451.ece | title=Asian expulsion | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 August 2015 | last1=Subramanian | first1=Archana }}</ref> The United Kingdom froze a £10.4 million loan which had been arranged the previous year; Amin ignored this.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> Journalists Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey described the expulsion as "the most explicitly racist policy ever adopted in black Africa."{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=5}}

Many of the Ugandan Asians were citizens of the United Kingdom & Colonies. 27,200 refugees subsequently emigrated to the [[United Kingdom]]. Refugees were initially housed in empty military camps, such as Heathfield Camp, near [[Honiton]] in [[Devon]], and Houndstone Camp, near [[Yeovil]] in [[Somerset]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/ugandan-asians/ |website=UK National Archives|title=Ugandan Asians |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>

Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to [[Canada]], 4,500 ended up in [[India]] and 2,500 went to nearby [[Kenya]]. [[Malawi]], [[Pakistan]], [[West Germany]] and the [[United States]] took 1,000 refugees each, with smaller numbers emigrating to [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Mauritius]] and [[New Zealand]]. About 20,000 refugees were unaccounted for.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /><ref name="socialorigins">{{harvnb|Kasozi|Musisi|Sejjengo|1994}}.</ref> Only a few hundred remained behind.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

Reluctant to expand its newly introduced immigration quota, the British government had sought agreement from some of its remaining overseas territories (including [[Bermuda]], the [[British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], [[British Honduras]], [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Seychelles]] and the [[British Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]) to resettle them; however, only the [[Falkland Islands]] responded positively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jan/01/past.politics |title=Ministers hunted for island to house Indians|first=Alan |last=Travis |work=The Guardian |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] similarly closed their borders with Uganda to prevent an influx of refugees.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

Some of those expelled were [[Nizari Ismaili]] [[Muslims]]. The [[Aga Khan IV]], the Imam of Nizari Ismailis, phoned his acquaintance Canadian Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]]. Trudeau's government agreed to allow thousands of Nizari Ismailis to emigrate to Canada.<ref name="macleansHolyMan">{{harvnb|Geddes|2010}}.</ref> The exodus of Ugandan Indians took on a new level of urgency in the September following a telegram from Amin to the UN Secretary General [[Kurt Waldheim]], in which it appeared that Amin was sympathetic to Hitler's treatment of Jews and an airlift was organised.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> The UN dispatched the Executive Secretary of the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|Economic Commission for Africa]], [[Robert K. A. Gardiner]], who attempted in vain to convince Amin to reverse his decision.{{sfn|Sherwood|2014|p=43}}

A military committee was made responsible for the reallocation of the confiscated property, though Amin also personally redirected some material.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=5}} In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were reallocated, along with cars, homes and other household goods.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> For political reasons, most (5,443) were reallocated to individuals, with 176 going to government bodies, 33 being reallocated to semi-state organisations and 2 going to charities. Possibly the biggest winner was the state-owned [[Uganda Development Corporation]], which gained control over some of the largest enterprises, though both the rapid nature of the growth and the sudden lack of experienced technicians and managers proved a challenge for the corporation, resulting in a restructuring of the sector in 1974–75.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> Though some of the property fell into the hands of Uganda's traditional businessmen, most of the direct beneficiaries were soldiers and government officials. By the time Amin's regime collapsed in 1979, it was rumoured that there were no more than 50 Indians in Uganda.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=5}}

===Economic impact===
Despite Amin's claims of returning control of the economy to ordinary Ugandans, the expulsion greatly harmed the economy of the country. The gross domestic product of Uganda fell by 5% between 1972 and 1975, while manufacturing output tumbled from 740 million [[Ugandan shilling]]s in 1972 to 254 million shillings in 1979. At the time of their deportation Indians owned 90% of the country's businesses and accounted for 90% of Uganda's tax revenue. The real value of salaries and wages plummeted by 90% in less than a decade following the expulsion, and although some of these businesses were handed over to native Ugandans, Uganda's industrial sector, which was seen as the backbone of the economy, was damaged due to the lack of skilled workers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.aliran.com/thinking-allowed-online/idi-amins-expulsion-of-asians-in-1972-devastated-ugandas-economy | title=Idi Amin's expulsion of Asians in 1972 pummelled Uganda's economy | date=14 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theconversation.com/taking-stock-of-ugandas-economy-55-years-after-independence-85238 | title=Taking stock of Uganda's economy 55 years after independence | date=8 October 2017 }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The expulsion drew widespread condemnation on the international stage and strained Uganda’s diplomatic relations, particularly with the United Kingdom and India. The British government facilitated the resettlement of approximately 27,000 Ugandan Asians who held British passports, while others relocated to Canada, India, and several other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Why Ugandan Asians were expelled by Idi Amin and how they ended up in UK |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2022-07-17/how-brutality-in-uganda-forced-tens-of-thousands-of-asians-from-home |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=itv}}</ref>

In the wake of the expulsion, [[Leicester]] became a focal point for resettling Ugandan Asians. Initially, the city placed advertisements in Ugandan newspapers advising against relocating there - citing limited housing and employment opportunities - but these efforts were largely ineffective, as many people preferred to join existing South Asian communities in the city. Around 6,000 Ugandan Asians ultimately settled in Leicester, supported by local council initiatives and community grants that helped refurbish neighborhoods and establish businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasar |first=Saima |date=2022-08-12 |title=When Uganda Expelled Its Asian Population in 1972, Britain Tried to Exclude Them |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/when-uganda-expelled-its-asian-population-in-1972-britain-tried-to-exclude-them/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=New Lines Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

In the decades following the expulsion, Uganda's leadership took steps to repair relations with the Asian community. Under President Yoweri Museveni, policies were introduced in the 1990s to encourage the return of expelled families and the restoration of seized properties. Some former residents and their descendants have since returned to Uganda.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Liam |date=2022-12-02 |title=Insight: Expelled Ugandan Asians fight for seized properties 50 years on |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/markets/commodities/expelled-ugandan-asians-fight-for-seized-properties-50-years-on-idUSL8N32E1ZA/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{refimprove|section|date=November 2025}}
The expulsion of Asians from Uganda has been referenced or depicted in various works, including:
* In ''[[Angels (TV series)|Angels]]'' (BBC television series),{{when|date=November 2025}} the character Sita Patel is portrayed as having fled Uganda with her family.
* ''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]'' (1976 Bollywood film), is set against the backdrop of the expulsion.
* ''[[Rise and Fall of Idi Amin]]'' (1981 film by Sharad Patel), dramatizes the events surrounding Idi Amin’s regime.
* ''[[Mississippi Masala]]'' (1991 film by [[Mira Nair]]), portrays an Indian family that resettles in Mississippi after fleeing Uganda<ref>{{cite interview|interviewer-first= Mira|last=Nair | interviewer-last=Lahr | first=John | title=Whirlwind | website=The New Yorker | date=31 July 2000 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/12/09/the-whirlwind | url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022030926/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/12/09/the-whirlwind| archive-date= 22 October 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''The Last King of Scotland'' ([[The Last King of Scotland|1998 novel]] by Giles Foden; [[The Last King of Scotland (film)|2006 film adaptation]]), depicts Amin's rule, including the expulsion.
* In ''[[Life on Mars (British TV series)|Life on Mars]]'' (2006 BBC television series), the character Ravi Gandhi is portrayed as having fled Uganda during Amin's expulsion of South Asians in 1972.
* The 2025 movie ''[[Christmas Karma]]'' has the expulsion as a central narrative in the story of the main character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cecelia King - CHRISTMAS KARMA |url=https://ceceking.com/christmas-karma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316064514/https://ceceking.com/christmas-karma |archive-date=2025-03-16 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=ceceking.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Uganda}}
*[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]]
*[[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa]]
*[[Zanzibar Revolution]]
*[[Deportation]]
*[[Remigration]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Avirgan |first1=Tony |title=War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin |last2=Honey |first2=Martha |date=1983 |publisher=Tanzania Publishing House |isbn=978-9976-1-0056-3 |location=Dar es Salaam}}
* {{citation | last1=Geddes | first1=John | journal=Maclean's | title=A holy man with an eye for connections | url=http://www.macleans.ca/2010/10/27/a-holy-man/ | date=27 October 2010 | access-date=17 April 2012 }}
* {{citation|title=Mass Expulsion in Modern International Law and Practice|last1=Henckaerts|first1=Jean-Marie|last2=Sohn|first2=Louis B.|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=1995|isbn=90-411-00725|location=Dordrecht}}
* {{citation|jstor=160072|title=Expulsion of a minority: essays on Ugandan Asians (Review)|first=Vali|last=Jamal|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=14|number=2|date=June 1976|pages=357–361|publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00053404|s2cid=155061156 }}
* {{citation|last=Jørgensen|first=Jan Jelmert|title=Uganda: a modern history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09MNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA288|access-date=12 August 2010|year=1981|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-85664-643-0}}
* {{citation |last1=Kasozi |first1=Abdu Basajabaka Kawalya |first2=Nakanyike |last2=Musisi |first3=James Mukooza |last3=Sejjengo |title=The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985 |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1994 |page=119 |isbn=0-7735-1218-7}}
*{{citation|title=Uganda since independence: a story of unfulfilled hopes |first=Phares Mukasa|last=Mutibwa |page=67 |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yURMdAfadS4C&pg=PA67 |access-date=17 August 2010 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=United Kingdom |isbn=1-85065-066-7}}
* {{citation|last=Patel|first=Hasu H.|year=1972|title=General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda|journal=Issue: A Journal of Opinion|volume=2|issue=4|pages=12–22|doi=10.2307/1166488|jstor=1166488}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherwood |first=Marika |author-link=Marika Sherwood |title=Robert Kweku Atta Gardiner (1914–1994): An unrecognised Ghanaian Pan-Africanist Par-Excellence |journal=Contemporary Journal of African Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |publisher=Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana |location=Accra |date=2014 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/contjas/article/view/107948 |issn=2343-6530}}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Seftel |editor-first=Adam |title=Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum |publisher=Fountain Publishers |date=2010 |orig-year=1st pub. 1994 |location=Kampala |isbn=978-9970-02-036-2}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:1972 in Uganda]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in Africa]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian racism in Africa]]
[[Category:Asian diaspora in Uganda]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Africa]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Uganda]]
[[Category:Forced migration]]
[[Category:Ugandan refugees|*]]
[[Category:Persecution]]
[[Category:Political history of Uganda]]
[[Category:Xenophobia in Africa]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Africa]]
[[Category:Pakistan–Uganda relations]]
[[Category:Racism in Africa]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence in Africa]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Uganda]]

Expulsion of Asians from Uganda - Revision history

GlennVarner228 at 18:16, 23 February 2026