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'''Extinct Kannada literature''' is a body of literature of the [[Kannada language]] dating from the period preceding the first extant work, ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' ([[wikt:circa|ca.]] 850 CE).<br />
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Although no works of this period are available now, references to them are found in the Kavirajamarga and a handful of other extant works. While a few scholars may have expressed reservations regarding the extent of this literature, noted modern scholars such as [[A.K. Ramanujan]],<ref name="ramanujan">Ramanujan A.K. (1973), p. 11</ref> [[K.A. Nilakanta Sastri]],<ref name="sastri">Sastri (1955), p. 355</ref> [[R. S. Mugali]],<ref name="mugali">Mugali R.S. (2006), pp. 173-175</ref> and [[A. K. Warder]],<ref name="poetics20">Warder (1988), p. 240</ref> to name a few, have hypothesized that a body of literature must have existed in an earlier period.<br />
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==Some early writings and forms==<br />
{{Indian literature}}<br />
The earliest available examples of a Kannada [[epigraphy|inscription]]s are the [[Halmidi inscription]], allegedly<ref>{{Harvnb|Gai|1996|p=26}} Quote: "Since the Halmidi inscription does not belong to the reign of Kakusthavarman, it is not included in this volume."</ref><ref>Quote: "The undated Halmidi (Hassan District, Karnataka) inscription, allegedly written during the reign of Kadamba Kakusthavarman, ..." (K. V. Ramesh) {{Harvnb|Ramesh|1984b|p=55}}</ref> a [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] royal [[edict]] [[Halmidi inscription#Discovery and dating|commonly dated]] to fifth or sixth century CE,<ref name="hal">Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1717, 1474</ref><ref name="hal20">Kamath (1980), p. 10</ref> the Tamatekallu inscription which has been identified by some scholars to be from the 5th century,<ref name="tama">Pai in Bhat, (1993), p. 102</ref> the Siragunda inscription of 500&nbsp;CE,<ref name="sira">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 13</ref> and the dated [[Badami]] cave inscription of King Mangalesha (578 CE).<ref name="butuga">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717</ref><ref name="manga1">Kamath (2001), p. 10, 57</ref> The [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record of the 7th century and the [[Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena]], also from the 7th century, form the earliest surviving record of [[Kannada poetry]].<ref name="butuga"/><ref name="Kappe Arabhatta">Kamath (1980), p. 67</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20INSCRIPTIONS%20HTML/SHRAVANABELAGOLA%20INSCRIPTION%20HTML.htm<br />
|title=Inscriptions<br />
|work=Official website of CIIL,Government of India<br />
|publisher=Classicalkannada.org<br />
|access-date=2012-02-29<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624002227/http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20INSCRIPTIONS%20HTML/SHRAVANABELAGOLA%20INSCRIPTION%20HTML.htm<br />
|archive-date=2013-06-24<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
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The earliest surviving literature in rich manuscript form, the ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' ("Royal Path for Poets") is dated to 850 CE; references are made in it to earlier prose writers such as [[Durvinita]], Vimalachandra, Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu and to poets including Kavisvara, Srivijaya, Pandita Chandra, Ravi Kirti (634) and Lokapala.<ref name="poetics20">Warder (1988), p. 240</ref><ref name="loka">Rao in Datta (1994), pp. 2278-2283</ref><ref name="poetics1">Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 2</ref><ref name="kavi1">Rice E.P., (1921), pp. 25, 28</ref><br />
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==Extinct writings and forms==<br />
''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada, the ''gadyakatha'', a mixture of prose and poetry, the ''chattana'' and the ''bedande'', poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument.<ref name="gadya">Garg (1987), vol 4</ref><ref name="kavi5">Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 13, 17</ref><ref name="cosmopolitan">Nagaraj in Sheldon (2003), p. 333</ref> Regarding earlier poetry in Kannada, the author of ''Kavirajamarga'' states "''Hala Gannada'' (''lit'' old Kannada) is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in works of the present time, like an association with an old woman" .<ref name="insipid">Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 12</ref><br />
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Other writers, whose works are not in existence now but titles of which are mentioned in independent references<ref name="inde">Such as Indranandi's ''Srutavatara'', Devachandra's ''Rajavalikathe'' (Narasimhacharya, 1934, pp. 4–5); Bhattakalanka's ''Sabdanusasana'' of 1604 (Sastri 1955, p. 355), writings of Jayakirthi (Kamath 1980, p. 67)</ref> are Syamakundacharya (c. 650), who authored the ''Prabhrita'', and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, c. 650 or earlier), who wrote the ''Chudamani'' ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on [[logic]].<ref name="sastri">Sastri (1955), p. 355</ref><ref name="chu">Rice B.L. (1897), pp. 496–497</ref><ref name="dandin">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 27</ref><ref name="srivarada">Mugali (1975), p. 13</ref> The ''Karnatheshwara Katha'', a eulogy of the [[Chalukya]] [[Pulakesi II|King Pulakesi II]], is ascribed to the 7th or 8th century.<ref name="pul">Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (1980), p. 67</ref> The ''Gajashtaka'', a lost ''ashtaka'' (eight line verse) composition, was authored by [[Shivamara II|King Shivamara II]] in c. 800. The composition served as the basis for two popular folk songs, ''ovanige'' and ''onakevadu'', which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit (''ovam'').<ref name="ashtaka">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 248</ref><ref name="shiv">Kamath (1980), p. 50</ref><br />
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Srivijaya, a court poet of [[Amoghavarsha I]], wrote the ''Chandraprabha Purana'' in the early 9th century. His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah (also spelt Doddayya, c. 1550) and praised by [[Durgasimha]] (c. 1025).<ref name="chandra">Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 17–18</ref> During the same period, the [[Digambara]] [[Jain]] poet [[Asaga]] (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, ''Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya'' and ''Varadamana Charitra''. His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today.<ref name="dig">Warder (1988), pp. 240–241</ref> ''Gunagankiyam'', the earliest known [[Prosody (poetry)|prosody]] in Kannada, was referenced in a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] work dated to the 10th century or earlier (''Yapparungalakkarigai'' by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, who was known as an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose lived in the 9th century.<ref name="guna">Narasimhacharya 1934, p. 29</ref><ref name="flor">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 28</ref> Around c. 900, [[Gunavarma I]] wrote ''Shudraka'' and ''Harivamsha'' (also known as ''Neminatha Purana''). In ''Shudraka'' he compared his patron, [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Ganga]] king Ereganga Neetimarga II, to a noted king called Shudraka.<ref name="shiv"/><ref name="gun1">Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 18</ref> Jinachandra, who is referred to by [[Sri Ponna]] (c. 950) as the author of ''Pujyapada Charita'', had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra".<ref name="Jainchan">Lewis Rice (1985), p xv</ref><ref name="jainachandra">Altekar (1934), p412</ref><br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
*{{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|orig-year=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Bhat|first=Thirumaleshwara|title=Govinda Pai|orig-year=1993|year=1993|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-7201-540-2}}<br />
*{{Cite document | last = Gai | first = G. S. | author-link = G. S. Gai|title = Studies in Indian History, Epigraphy, and Culture | year = 1992 | publisher = Karnataka, India: Shrihari Prakashana. Pp. 346 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nOMbAAAAIAAJ }}<br />
*{{Cite document| last = Gai | first = G. S. | author-link = G. S. Gai | title = Inscriptions of the Early Kadambas | year = 1996 | publisher = Indian Council of Historical Research}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Karmarkar|first= A.P.|title= Cultural history of Karnataka : ancient and medieval|orig-year=1947|year= 1947|publisher= Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha|location= Dharwad|oclc= 8221605}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Mugaḷi|first= Raṃ Śrī|title= The Heritage of Karnataka: in relation to India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KrICwjXaC3gC|orig-year=1946|year=2006|publisher= Read Books [Bangalore: Satyasodhama]|isbn=978-1-4067-0232-3}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Nagaraj |first=D.R.|editor=Sheldon I. Pollock|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher=Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Pp. 1066|chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&q=critical+tensions+in+history+kannada+literary+culture&pg=PA323|isbn=0-520-22821-9 |pages=323–}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1934|year=1988|publisher= Government Press. Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi|location= Mysore|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}<br />
* {{Cite book |first=Sheldon|last= Pollock | author-link = Sheldon Pollock |title=Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-22821-9 }}<br />
* {{Cite book |first=Sheldon|last= Pollock | author-link = Sheldon Pollock| title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India (Philip E. Lilienthal Books) |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=2006 |isbn=0-520-24500-8 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Ramanujan|first= A.K.|title=Speaking of Siva|url= https://archive.org/details/speakingofiva0000rama|url-access= registration|year=1973|publisher=Penguin|location=England}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= B.L.|author-link=Benjamin L. Rice|title= Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1|orig-year=1897|year=2001|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0977-8}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= E.P.|title= A History of Kanarese Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Lewis|first= Rice|title=Nagavarmma's Karnataka Bhasha Bhushana |year=1985|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn= 81-206-0062-2}}<br />
*{{cite book |last = Salomon | first = Richard | year = 1998 | title = Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Other Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher = Oxford University Press. Pp. 378 | location = Oxford and New York | isbn = 0-19-509984-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&q=indian+epigraphy+halmidi&pg=PA106}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= K.A. Nilakanta|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last = Sircar|first = D. C.|author-link = D. C. Sircar| title = Indian Epigraphy| orig-year = 1965 |year = 1996|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publications| location = Delhi |isbn = 81-208-1166-6|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC |access-date = 29 August 2012}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 1|orig-year=1987|year=1987|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1803-8}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5|orig-year=1992|year=1992|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1221-8}}<br />
* {{cite book |last= Warder|first= A.K.|author-link= A. K. Warder|title= Indian Kavya Literature|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 81-208-0450-3}}<br />
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[[Category:Kannada literature]]<br />
[[Category:History of literature in India]]</div>>Lennart97