UpdateBot at 07:16, 30 May 2022

2022-05-30T07:16:34Z

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{{short description|Device used to protect the wearer's face from hazards}}
[[File:US Navy 110301-N-DR144-037 Electrician's Mate Fireman Alex Kline, assigned to the electrical division of the engineering department of the Nimitz-c.jpg|thumb|A [[United States Navy]] [[Electrician's Mate]] wearing a face shield while checking for bad fuses on a lighting panel]]
[[File:Mask Nurse Donna Wood in her safety suit.jpg|thumb|Nurse using a face shield during the [[Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone|Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone]], 2014.]]

A '''face shield''', an item of [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE), aims to protect the wearer's entire [[face]] (or part of it) from [[hazard]]s such as [[Projectile|flying objects]] and [[road debris]], chemical splashes (in [[laboratory | laboratories]] or in [[Industry (economics)|industry]]), or potentially [[Infection| infectious]] materials (in [[Medicine|medical]] and laboratory environments). Depending on the type used, a face shield may protect its wearer from a physical hazard, energy or radiation, chemical splashes, or biological hazards. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Face Shield? - Definition from Safeopedia |url=http://www.safeopedia.com/definition/9058/face-shield |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=safeopedia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Industry==
A face shield is intended to protect the wearer's partial or entire face and the eyes from hazards. Face shields should be used with [[Glasses|spectacles]] and/or [[goggles]].<ref>ANSI Z87.1-2003, page 11</ref>

===Standards===
;[[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]] (American Standard)
* Mark Z87: Basic impact: Faceshields shall be capable of resisting impact from a 25.4[[Millimetre| mm]] (1[[Inch| in]]) diameter steel ball dropped from a height of 127[[Centimetre| cm]] (50 in).
* Mark Z87+: High impact: Faceshields shall be capable of resisting impact from a 6.35 mm (0.25 in) diameter steel ball traveling at a velocity of 91.4 [[Metre per second|m/s]] (300 ft/s). 

;[[EN 166]] (European Standard)
These shields are for protection against high-speed particles, and must withstand the impact of a 6 mm nominal diameter steel ball, striking the oculars and the lateral protection at the speed stated.
* Mark A: 190 m/s.
* Mark B: 120 m/s.
* Mark F: 45 m/s.
** ref. EN166

;[[CSA Group|CSA]] (Canadian Standard)
Z94.3-15 ''Eye and Face Protectors'' Class 6 relates to face shields, and is divided into 3 sub-classes
*6A – Impact, piercing, splash, head, and glare protection.
*6B – Radiation protection. Also for low heat, splash, glare, and light non-piercing impact protection.
*6C – High-heat applications and light non-piercing impact protection only.
**ref. CSA Z94.3-15

See also [[welding helmet]].

===Materials===
*;[[Polycarbonate]] (PC)

Provides excellent [[Toughness|impact resistance]], optical quality, [[Thermal resistance|heat resistance]] and normal [[chemical resistance]].

*;[[Cellulose acetate]] (CA)

Provides normal impact resistance, optical quality, heat resistance and good chemical resistance.

==Manufacturing==
Two methods are used to manufacture face shields: [[extrusion]] and [[injection molding]]. Faceshields cut from extrusion sheets provide better [[Toughness|impact resistance]] than injection molded faceshields because extrusion sheets are made of high [[Molecular mass|molecular weight]] [[plastic]] pellets while injection molding must use lower molecular weight plastic pellets, which provide better [[Melt flow index|melt flowing]] property needed by injection molding. For example, even faceshields 0.8 mm thick made of extrusion [[polycarbonate]] sheets can withstand the impact of a 6 mm nominal diameter steel ball traveling at the speed 120 m/s (European standard, protection against high-speed particles – medium energy impact), while injection molding faceshields must have at least 1.5 mm thickness to withstand the same impact. But injection molding can provide more complicated shape than extrusion.

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], people from 86 countries engaged in the voluntary production of PPE to supplement traditional supply chains - many of which had been interrupted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DESIGN {{!}} MAKE {{!}} PROTECT|url=https://opensourcemedicalsupplies.org/impact/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-22|website=[[Open Source Medical Supplies]]|language=en-US}}</ref> They collectively produced a total of 25 million face shields with techniques including [[3D printing]], [[Laser cutting]], [[Injection moulding|Injection molding]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DESIGN {{!}} MAKE {{!}} PROTECT|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories|url-status=live|access-date=22 February 2021|website=[[Open Source Medical Supplies]]}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:3D printing of face shields.jpg|3D printing of face shields during COVID-19 pandemic
File:Headpiece.stl|3D file for printing a face shield<ref>{{cite web |title=GliaX/faceshield |url=https://github.com/gliax/faceshield |publisher=Glia Free Medical hardware |access-date=23 March 2020 |date=23 March 2020}}</ref>
File:Buckle.stl|Buckle for the face shield
File:FaceShield3D20.jpg|Final shield
</gallery>

==Medical==
{{see also|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic#Medical face shield}}
{{expand section|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Covid-19 Brazil - Amazon Health 002.jpg|thumb|A laboratory technician wearing a face shield during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil]]]]
[[File:Efficacy of Face Shields Against Cough Aerosol Droplets from a Cough Simulator.webm|thumb|right|A video describing research on the efficacy of face shields to protect against aerosol emitted from coughing]]

In [[Medicine|medical]] applications, "face shield" refers to a variety of devices used to protect a medical professional during a procedure that might expose them to [[blood]] or other potentially infectious fluids. An example is the use of a [[Pocket mask|CPR mask]] while performing [[Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation|rescue breathing]] or [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]]. Another example is the use of [[personal protective equipment]] to guard the face against exposure to potentially infectious materials.

==Police and military==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:AssaultTraining2016-18.jpg|[[Russian Airborne Forces|Russian paratrooper]] with a 6B47 helmet and ballistic face shield|alt=
File:US Navy 060127-N-9641C-002 Chief Damage Controlman, John Brooks, removes the face shield from a Sailor^rsquo,s MCU-2-P gas mask.jpg|alt=text|Removing a face shield from a Sailor’s MCU-2/P gas mask after washing it with decontamination solution during a General Quarters Drill aboard an aircraft carrier
</gallery>

In [[military]] or [[law enforcement]] environments, a face shield may be designed for ballistic or non-ballistic protection. The non-ballistic shield will provide no protection from projectiles shot from firearms,<ref>A. Hunsicker: ''Behind the Shield: Anti-Riot Operations Guide'' [[Universal Publishers (United States)|Universal Publishers]], 2011, {{ISBN|978-1612330358}}, p. 166</ref> but is usually designed to withstand low velocity impacts, like caused by punches or thrown objects.<ref>[https://www.polizeipraxis.de/startseite/news-detailansicht/artikel/die-helm-maskenkombination-hmk.html article: "Die Helm-Maskenkombination HMK"] on polizeipraxis.de (german)</ref>

A ballistic face shield is designed to stop or deflect blast and fragments from operators wearing [[bomb suit]]s<ref>Ashok Bhatnagar: ''Lightweight Ballistic Composites: Military and Law-Enforcement Applications'', Woodhead Publishing, 2018, {{ISBN|978-0081004067}}, pp. 133, 222</ref> To protect the wearers eyes and face from ballistic threats in combat is envisioned in the [[PEO Soldier]] program for the United States Department of Defense.<ref>Ashok Bhatnagar: ''Lightweight Ballistic Composites: Military and Law-Enforcement Applications'', Woodhead Publishing, 2018, {{ISBN|978-0081004067}}, pp. 396, 397</ref>

== Usage in construction ==
On many [[Construction|construction sites]] many [[Workforce|workers]] use face shields to protect them from debris or sparks. Many tools for cutting and working with metal recommend the use of a face shield. Examples include [[Welding|welding equipment]] or [[Abrasive saw|metal chop saws]].

==See also==
* [[Pocket mask]]
* [[Helmet]]
* [[Visor]]
* [[Windshield]]
* [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Face shields}}
[https://arcadiolifestyle.com/pages/armor-face-shield Face Shield in India]

{{Headgear}}
{{Laboratory equipment}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Face Shield}}
[[Category:Bandy equipment]]
[[Category:Body armor]]
[[Category:Emergency medical equipment]]
[[Category:Headgear]]
[[Category:Ice hockey equipment]]
[[Category:Protective gear]]
[[Category:Safety clothing]]

Face shield - Revision history

UpdateBot at 07:16, 30 May 2022