CleanupBot II at 12:37, 14 August 2023

2023-08-14T12:37:16Z

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{{EngvarB|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berbahagia]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato']] [[Ulema|Ustaz]] [[Hajji|Haji]]
|name = Fadzil Noor
|honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah|DSDK]]}}
|native_name = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|فاضل نور}}}}
|image = Fadzil Noor 2.jpg
|office2 = 6th President of the [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]]
|term_start2 = 1989
|term_end2 = 23 June 2002
|predecessor2 = [[Yusof Rawa]]
|successor2 = [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]
|office = 7th [[List of Malaysian Leaders of the Opposition|Leader of the Opposition]]
|monarch = [[Tuanku Jaafar of Negeri Sembilan|Jaafar]]<br />[[Sultan Salahuddin of Selangor|Salahuddin]]
|primeminister = [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
|term_start = 29 November 1999
|term_end = 23 June 2002
|predecessor = [[Lim Kit Siang]]
|successor = [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]
|birth_name = Fadzil bin Muhammad Noor
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|3|13|df=y}}
|birth_place = Kampung Seberang Pumpung, [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2002|6|23|1937|3|13|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz UKM|Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]], [[Cheras]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]
|profession = [[Ulema|Religious teacher]]
|party = [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS)
|otherparty = [[Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah]] (APU) (1990-1996)<br />[[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA) (1999-2002)
|spouse = Siti Khadijah Ibrahim
|children = 8 (5 sons & 3 daughters)
|parents = Mohd Noor Abdul Hamid<br />Hindun Abdul Rahman
|alma_mater = [[Al-Azhar University]]
}}

[[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato']] [[Ulema|Ustaz]] [[Hajji|Haji]] '''Fadzil bin Muhammad Noor'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idss.edu.sg/publications/WorkingPapers/WP123.pdf |title=Islam and Violence in Malaysia |access-date=8 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410061821/http://www.idss.edu.sg/publications/WorkingPapers/WP123.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ({{lang-ms|فاضل بن محمد نور|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]|script=arab|italic=unset}}; 13 March 1937 – 23 June 2002) was a [[Malaysia]]n [[politician]] and [[Ulema|religious teacher]]. He was the president of [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) from 1989 to 2002 and [[List of Malaysian Leaders of the Opposition|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Parliament of Malaysia]] from 1999 to 2002.

Fadzil became the Deputy President of PAS in 1983, when [[Yusof Rawa]] ascended to the party's presidency. The election of Yusof and Fadzil marked a victory for the party's conservative [[ulama]] faction. Both men wanted PAS to advocate for an Islamic state in Malaysia modelled on the one that had arisen in Iran following the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 revolution]] there.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stark|first=Jan|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-117667828/constructing-an-islamic-model-in-two-malaysian-states|title=Constructing an Islamic Model in Two Malaysian States: PAS Rule in Kelantan and Terengganu|journal=Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|issue=April 2004|url-access= |via=}}{{dl|date=July 2021}}</ref>

When Yusof resigned due to health reasons in 1989, Fadzil became PAS's President. He set PAS on a more moderate path, diverting from the hardline Islamism of Yusof's presidency. This involved reorienting the party's platform away from the propagation of religious doctrine towards a greater focus on social and economic issues such as poverty alleviation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Liow|first=Joseph Chinyong|title=Piety and Politics: Islamism in Contemporary Malaysia|url=https://www.questia.com/read/121886648/piety-and-politics-islamism-in-contemporary-malaysia|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=76|url-access= |via=}}{{dl|date=July 2021}}</ref> This approach brought greater electoral success for the party. PAS captured the state of [[Kelantan]] at the [[1990 Malaysian general election|1990 election]] and [[Terengganu]] in [[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahmad Fauzi Abdul Hamid|editor=Saw Swee-Hock|others=K. Kesavapany|title=Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges|chapter-url=https://www.questia.com/library/119750406/malaysia-recent-trends-and-challenges|year=2006|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|page=110|chapter=5|chapter-url-access=|via=}}{{dl|date=July 2021}}</ref> His presidency saw the formation of the [[Barisan Alternatif]] coalition between PAS, the [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] and [[Keadilan]], which made large gains in the 1999 election.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Aliran Monthly |url=http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/ms/2002/0623.html |title=The Passing of Datuk Fadzil Noor, a Great Malaysian |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606222644/http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/ms/2002/0623.html |archive-date=6 June 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> In the face of criticism from the party's conservatives, he justified cooperation with non-Muslim opposition parties by arguing that PAS's 'struggle for justice' was 'not only for the Malays, not only for the Muslims, but for all Malaysians'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Liow|first=Joseph Chinyong|title=Piety and Politics: Islamism in Contemporary Malaysia|url=https://www.questia.com/read/121886648/piety-and-politics-islamism-in-contemporary-malaysia|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=77|url-access= |via=}}{{dl|date=July 2021}}</ref>

Fadzil also set about infusing the party's youth ranks with urban professionals, such as [[Hatta Ramli]], [[Dzulkefly Ahmad]] and [[Nasharudin Mat Isa]], to diversify the party's future leadership beyond religious clerics.<ref name="Liew">{{cite journal|last=Liew Chin Tong|date=1 January 2007|title=PAS LEADERSHIP: New Faces and Old Constraints|journal=Southeast Asian Affairs|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1566945791/pas-leadership-new-faces-and-old-constraints|url-access=|via=}}{{dl|date=July 2021}}</ref>

Fadzil died on 23 June 2002 after undergoing heart bypass surgery.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E7D91F3FF936A15755C0A9649C8B63|date=25 June 2002|accessdate=23 January 2008|title= Fadzil Noor, a Malaysian Islamist, Dies at 65}}</ref> He was succeeded as PAS President and leader of the opposition in Parliament by [[Abdul Hadi Awang]].

He was an alumnus of [[Al-Azhar University]] in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mediamonitors.net/abdrahmankoya4.html|title=Death of PAS leader leaves party facing difficult decisions - Media Monitors Network (MMN)|date=2002-07-08|work=Media Monitors Network (MMN)|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Fadzil was born in Kampung Seberang Pumpung, Alor Setar, Kedah. He is the eldest of four siblings. His father was Mohd Noor Abdul Hamid and his mother Hindun Haji Abdul Rahman. His great-grandfather, Tuan Guru Haji Idris Al-Jarumi was a respected scholar from [[Pattani]], [[Thailand]].

He received his early education at the Derga Malay School (1946-1951), [[Derga]], [[Alor Setar]] and Maktab Mahmud (1951 -1959) before furthering his studies at Al Azhar University, Egypt (1963-1967) majoring in Islamic Law from 1963 to 1967. His higher-education was sponsored by the Kedah government. In 1967, during his time in Egypt, he held the position of Secretary and Deputy President of the Malay Association in the Arab Republic of Egypt (PMRAM). PMRAM is the oldest association in the Middle East, it was officially established since 1930. The only Malaysian association in Egypt at that time, even before the government Malaysian embassy established in Cairo in late 60s.

==Educational career==
Upon returning from Egypt he taught at Maktab Mahmud and later as a lecturer at [[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]] (UTM) (1973-1978). He was fired from UTM for contesting in the [[1978 Malaysian general election]] as a candidate for the [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS). He brought the case to court as the dismissal did not follow the correct channels. The court ordered UTM to pay damages and to reinstate Fadzil as a lecturer. Fadzil later resigned as a lecturer to pursue political activities full-time.

==ABIM President==
Ustaz Fadzil Noor had been the Information Secretary of the [[Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia]] (ABIM) (1973-1974) and ABIM Deputy President (1974-1978) and Secretary of the Malaysian Ulama Association (PUM) (1974-1976). ABIM actively spread books and writings of the Muslim Brotherhood such as Hassan al Banna, Syed Qutb and Jamiat Islami, Maududi. Some PUM leaders have also been prominent members of PAS including Ustaz Ahmad Awang and Ustaz Abdul Ghani Shamsuddin.

Fadzil Noor was appointed as President of ABIM when [[Anwar Ibrahim]] was arrested under the [[Internal Security Act 1960]] in 1974 following the Baling Demonstrations caused by a famine in Baling.

==Political career==
Fadzil's political career began in [[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]] when he stood as the PAS candidate against Datuk [[Senu Abdul Rahman]] for the Kuala Kedah parliamentary seat. However, he was unable to defeat the incumbent. In the same election, PAS was defeated in Kelantan, which it had ruled since 1959 by the [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) coalition who formed the federal government. He became the PAS President of the Kuala Kedah area and the Kedah PAS State Liaison Member.{{when?|date=March 2020}} In 1981, he was elected as Vice President of PAS and served in the position until 1982. In 1983, Fadzil and [[Yusof Rawa]] were elected as Deputy President and President respectively. Their election signified a take-over by the party's conservative ulama faction who advocated for the establishment of an Islamic state. On March 30, 1989 he was elected as President of PAS after the retirement of Rawa. His presidency saw a moderation of the party's rhetoric whilst remaining committed to the establishment of an Islamic state. In the [[1990 Malaysian general election]] Fadzil led the party into an informal alliance with the UMNO-breakaway group [[Semangat 46]] and other Islamic parties called [[Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah]] (APU). PAS was able to win an additional 6 seats in parliament and the APU won all of the 39 state legislate assembly seats in Kelantan.

In 1998, he was appointed as Chairman of Gerakan Keadilan Rakyat Malaysia. The organisation was set up by PAS, the [[Democratic Action Party]] (DAP), and the [[Parti Rakyat Malaysia|Malaysian People's Party]] (PRM). The organisation included 15 non-governmental organizations and various individuals and sought to uphold justice after the sacking of Datuk Seri [[Anwar Ibrahim]] as Deputy Prime Minister and his detention without trial under the ISA the same year by Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]].

In the [[1999 Malaysian general election]] Fadzil stood as a candidate for the Anak Bukit state assembly seat as well as a candidate for the [[Pendang (federal constituency)|Pendang]] parliamentary seat. He was able to win both seats. Fadzil's victory coincided with PAS' biggest electoral victory in history, where they were able to win an additional 20 seats and re-take the state of Terrenganu whilst contesting together with the DAP, PRM and the newly-formed Parti KeADILan Nasional (now [[Parti Keadilan Rakyat]]) as part of the [[Barisan Alternatif]] coalition. In 1999 he was appointed [[Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)]] in the [[Dewan Rakyat]] succeeding [[Lim Kit Siang]] as PAS had become the largest opposition party in parliament.

==Death==
Fadzil died as a result of complications following a heart bypass surgery 23 June 2002. He was survived by a wife and eight children.<ref name=nytimes></ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:90%"
|+ '''[[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]'''
!Year
!Constituency
!colspan=2|
!Votes
!Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!Votes
!Pct
!Ballots cast
!Majority
!Turnout
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[Kuala Kedah (federal constituency)|Kuala Kedah]]'''
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|rowspan=2|Fadzil Noor ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|rowspan=2 align="right" |14,028
|rowspan=2|47.97%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}}|
|'''[[Senu Abdul Rahman]]''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''14,907'''
|'''50.98%'''
|rowspan=2|29,243
|rowspan=2|879
|rowspan=2|
|-
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Yaacob @ Salleh Abdullah ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|337
|1.41%
|-
|[[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]]
|'''[[Ulu Muda (federal constituency)|Ulu Muda]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Fadzil Noor ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |11,711
|43.40%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Hashim Endut''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''15,271'''
|'''56.60%'''
|27,803
|3,560
|81.29%
|-
|[[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]]
|'''[[Kuala Kedah (federal constituency)|Kuala Kedah]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Fadzil Noor ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |14,035
|46.74%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Mohammad Abu Bakar Rautin Ibrahim''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''15,992'''
|'''53.26%'''
|30,775
|1,957
|72.13%
|-
|[[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]]
|'''[[Pendang (federal constituency)|Pendang]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Fadzil Noor ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |17,349
|45.77%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''[[Othman Abdul]]''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''20,554'''
|'''54.23%'''
|38,768
|3,205
|82.57%
|-
|[[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]
|'''[[Kuala Kedah (federal constituency)|Kuala Kedah]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Fadzil Noor ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |19,223
|46.40%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Zakaria Mohd Said''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''22,209'''
|'''53.60%'''
|42,612
|2,986
|74.23%
|-
|[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
|'''[[Pendang (federal constituency)|Pendang]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Fadzil Noor''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''22,413'''
|'''53.51%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Othman Abdul]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |19,474
|46.49%
|43,292
|2,939
|81.08%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:90%"
|+ '''[[Kedah State Legislative Assembly]]'''
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]]
|rowspan="5"|'''Bukit Raya'''
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|rowspan=2|'''Fadzil Noor''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|rowspan=2 align="right" |
|rowspan=2|'''%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}}|
|Haji Safirol Haji Hasim ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |
|%
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|346
|rowspan=2|%
|-
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Mohd Mokhtar Abdullah ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|
|%
|-
|[[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Fadzil Noor''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |
|'''%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Ahmad Zakuan Haji Ahmad ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |
|%
|
|2,215
|%
|-
|[[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Fadzil Noor''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |
|'''%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Syed Mansor Barakbah ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |
|%
|
|1,829
|%
|-
|[[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Fadzil Noor''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |
|'''%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Fadzil Hanafi ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |
|%
|
|2,414
|%
|-
|[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
|'''Anak Bukit'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Fadzil Noor''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''8,480'''
|'''%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Abdullah Hasnan Kamaruddin ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |6,640
|%
|
|1,840
|%
|}

==Honours==
* {{Flag|Kedah}} :
** [[File:MY-KED Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah - Knight Companion (DSDK).svg|50px]] Knight Companion of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah]] (DSDK) – '''Dato'''' (1998)<ref>{{cite web
|work=[[New Straits Times]]|url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/Digital_Content/Prominent_Leaders/Mahathir/News_1968-2004/2001-2005/2002aj/dmoderate%20outlook.PDF|title=Fadzil Noor - highly respected leader with a moderate outlook|access-date=26 October 2021|date=24 June 2002|publisher=[[Perdana Leadership Foundation]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lim Kit Siang]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[List of Malaysian Leaders of the Opposition|Leader of the Opposition of Malaysia]]|years=1999–2002}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Yusof Rawa]]
| title = President of the [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]]
| years = 1989–2002
| after = [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Leaders of the Opposition (Malaysia)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noor, Fadzil}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Dewan Rakyat]]
[[Category:Malaysian Leaders of the Opposition]]
[[Category:Members of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslim Brotherhood members]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]

Fadzil Noor - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 12:37, 14 August 2023