2A01:5EC0:E803:3DC8:902D:3030:7A12:E83D at 03:33, 30 June 2022

2022-06-30T03:33:37Z

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{{Short description|Sufi Muslim ascetic and renunciate}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Faqir|the given name|Faqir (given name)}}
{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=July 2009}}
{{disputed|date=October 2015}}}}
[[File:Portrait of a Muslim ascetic (fakir) in Eastern Bengal in the 1860s.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Asceticism|ascetic]] (''fakir'') in [[Bengal]] during the 1860s]]
{{Sufism|Ideas}}

'''Fakir''', '''faqeer''', or '''faqir''' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|k|ɪər}}; {{lang-ar|فقیر}} (noun of faqr)), derived from ''faqr'' ({{lang-ar|فقر}}, 'poverty'),<ref name="Ebrahim-Gholami 2018">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Ebrahim |author-first=Alireza |year=2018 |title=Faqr |translator-last=Gholami |translator-first=Rahim |editor1-last=Madelung |editor1-first=Wilferd |editor2-last=Daftary |editor2-first=Farhad |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036099 |issn=1875-9823 |quote=Faqr (literally, ‘poverty’) is a term denoting different modalities and stages of material, psychological and spiritual want and neediness which a wayfarer on the Sufi path may adopt as a means to progress in earning God’s love and compassion and of acquiring purity and mystical knowledge. The term ''faqr'' is derived from the Arabic root ''f-q-r'', literally meaning ‘to hollow out’, ‘to perforate’, ‘to make/become poor’, ‘to be in need’ or ‘to be/become needy’. Hence ''faqr'' carries a general sense of being in a state of penury or destitution.}}</ref> is an [[Glossary of Islam|Islamic term]] traditionally used for [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Asceticism|ascetics]] who renounce their worldly possessions and dedicate their lives to the worship of [[God in Islam|God]]. They do not necessarily [[Asceticism|renounce all relationships]] and take [[Vow of poverty#Voluntary poverty|vows of poverty]], some may be poor and some may even be wealthy, but the adornments of the temporal worldly life are kept in perspective and do not detract from their constant neediness of God. The connotations of [[poverty]] associated with the term relate to their spiritual neediness, not necessarily their physical neediness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faqīr |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104900321 |website=Oxford Reference |access-date=23 May 2020 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Faqir - Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e614 |website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com |access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

They are characterized by their reverence for ''[[dhikr]]'' (a devotional practice which consists of repeating the [[Names of God in Islam|names of God]] with various formulas, often performed after the [[Salah|daily prayers]]).<ref>''A Prayer for Spiritual Elevation and Protection'' (2007) by Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi, Suha Taji-Farouki</ref> [[Sufism]] in the [[Muslim world]] emerged during the early [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750 CE)<ref name="FirstDynasty">{{cite book|last=Hawting|first=Gerald R.|title=The first dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-24073-4}} See Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=-wFp_Gv8GDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Umayyad+Caliphate+661+750 book search].</ref> and grew as a mystical,<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> somewhat hidden tradition in the mainstream [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Islamic schools and branches|denominations]] of [[Islam]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/> state Eric Hanson and [[Karen Armstrong]], likely in reaction to "the growing worldliness of [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abassid]] societies".<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref> Sufi Muslim ascetics (fakirs and [[dervish]]es) were highly influential and greatly successful in [[Spread of Islam|spreading Islam]] between the 10th and 19th centuries,<ref name="Cook 2015"/> particularly to the furthest outposts of the Muslim world in the Middle East and [[North Africa]], the [[Balkans]] and [[Caucasus]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and finally [[Central Asia|Central]], [[East Asia|Eastern]], and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Sufi Muslims have spread throughout several continents and cultures over a millennium, originally expressing their beliefs in [[Arabic]], before spreading into [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], and a dozen other languages.<ref>Michael Sells, Early Islamic Mysticism, pg. 1</ref>

The term ''fakir'' has taken on a more recent and [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] usage for an ascetic who renounces worldly possessions, and has even been applied to [[Kafir|Non-Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobe |first1=Timothy S. |title=Hindu Christian Faqir: Modern Monks, Global Christianity, and Indian Sainthood |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199987696.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-934627-1 |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199987696.001.0001/acprof-9780199987696}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanda |first1=B. R. |title=Churchill's 'Half-naked Faqir' |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908141-7 |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195672039.001.0001/acprof-9780195672039-chapter-25}}</ref> ''Fakirs'' are prevalent in the Middle East and [[South Asia]]; they are thought to be self-sufficient and possess only the spiritual need for God.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/fakir|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=britannica.com |access-date=2015-07-10}}</ref> The term is also frequently applied to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ascetics (e.g., [[sadhu]]s, [[guru]]s, [[swami]]s, and [[yogi]]s).<ref name="ColbyWilliams1918">{{cite book|last1=Colby|first1=Frank Moore|last2=Williams|first2=Talcott|title=The New International Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p20NAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA343|access-date=9 December 2016|year=1918|publisher=Dodd, Mead|language=en|pages=343|quote=Fakir: In general a religious mendicant; more specifically a Hindu marvel worker or priestly juggler, usually peripatetic and indigent.}}</ref> These usages developed primarily in the [[Mughal era]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. There is also a distinct clan of [[Faqeer (caste)|faqeers]] found in [[North India]], descended from communities of ''fakirs'' who took up residence at [[Dargah|Sufi shrines]]. Mowlana Majdeddin Ali Bagher Shah Ne'matollahi in his book "Nasher VA Manshour" states "A mystic is a person whose spine has been broken due to spiritual austerity and who has known his identity. The mystic is absolutely poor and sees nothing but the truth of life."

== History ==
{{Sunni Islam|Movements}}
[[File:Shrine of Sufi Saint Sultan Bahu, Jhang .jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Dargah|Shrine]] of a Sufi Muslim fakir named [[Sultan Bahoo]] in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], Pakistan]]

[[Husayn ibn Ali|Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī]], who was the son of [[Ali|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]] and grandson of [[Muhammad]], is believed to have written a book, ''Mirat ul-Arfeen'', on the topic of ''[[tasawwuf]]'', which is said to be the first book on [[Sufism]]. However, under [[Ummayad Caliphate|Ummayad rule]], neither could this book be published nor was it allowed to discuss ''tasawwuf'', Sufism, or ''faqr'' openly. For a long time, after Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, the information and teachings of ''faqr'', ''tasawwuf'', and Sufism kept on transferring from heart to heart.<ref>''A brief history of Islam'' by Tamara Sonn, 2004, p60</ref>

In English, ''faqir'' or ''fakir'' originally meant a mendicant [[dervish]]. In its [[Islamic mysticism|mystical usage]], the word ''fakir'' refers to man's spiritual need for [[God in Islam|God]], who alone is regarded as self-sufficient in the [[Islam|Islamic religion]].<ref name="EI2">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Gardet |author-first=Louis |year=1960 |title=Allāh |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |editor6-last=Schacht |editor6-first=J. |editor6-link=Joseph Schacht |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=1 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0047 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref name="EoQ">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Böwering |author-first=Gerhard |author-link=Gerhard Böwering |year=2006 |title=God and his Attributes |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=II |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075 |isbn=978-90-04-14743-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |year=2016 |orig-year=1988 |title=[[Islam: The Straight Path]] |journal=Choice Reviews Online |volume=26 |issue=8 |edition=Updated 5th |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=22 |doi=10.5860/choice.26-4446 |isbn=978-0-19-063215-1 |s2cid=153364691}}</ref> Although of Muslim origin, the term has come to be applied in the [[Indian subcontinent]] to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Asceticism#Hinduism|ascetics]] and [[Mysticism#Hinduism|mystics]] as well, alongside [[Languages of India|Indian terms]] such as ''gosvamin'', ''sadhu'', ''bhikku'', and other designations. Fakirs are generally regarded as holy men who possess supernatural or miraculous powers. Among Muslims, the leading Sufi orders (''[[tariqa]]'') of fakirs are the [[Shadhili|Shadhiliyyah]], [[Chishti Order|Chishtiyah]], [[Qadiriyya|Qadiriyah]], [[Naqshbandi|Naqshbandiyah]], and [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardiyah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/faqir|title=Online Dictionary / Reference|work=Dictionary.com|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> The ''[[Cambridge English Dictionary]]'' defines the term ''fakir'' as "a member of an Islamic religious group, or a holy man".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/fakir#fakir__3|title=Dictionary of Cambridge|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref>

== Attributes ==
The attributes of a fakir have been defined by many Muslim scholars.

The early Muslim scholar, [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]], defined [[Sufism]], [[tasawwuf]] and faqr in a conclusive manner. Explaining the attributes of a fakir, he says, "faqir is not who can not do anything and is nothing in his self-being. But faqir has all the commanding powers (gifted from Allah) and his orders can not be revoked."<ref>''Biographical encyclopaedia of Sufis: Central Asia and Middle East'' by N. Hanif, 2002</ref><ref>''The Sultan of the saints: mystical life and teaching of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani, Muhammad Riyāz Qādrī, 2000, p24</ref>

[[Ibn Arabi]] explained Sufism, including faqr, in more details. He wrote more than 500 books on the topic. He was the first Muslim scholar to openly introduce (first time openly) the idea of [[Wahdat al-wujud]]. His writings are considered a solid source, that defied time.<ref>''Fusus al-hikam (The Bezels of Wisdom), ed. A. Affifi, Cairo, 1946;trans. R.W.J. Austin, The Bezels of Wisdom, New York: Paulist Press,1980''</ref><ref>''al-Futuhat al-makkiyya (''[[Les Illuminations de La Mecque|The Meccan Illuminations]]''), Cairo, 1911; partial trans. [[Michel Chodkiewicz]] et al., Les Illuminations de la Mecque: The Meccan Illuminations, Textes choisis/Selected Texts, Paris: Sindbad,1988.''</ref><ref>''The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-'Arabi's Metaphysics of Imagination, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.1981''</ref><ref>''Sufis of Andalusia, London, George Allen & Unwin.1971''</ref>

Another dignified Muslim saint, [[Sultan Bahoo]], describes a fakir as one "who has been entrusted with full authority from Allah (God)". In the same book, Sultan Bahoo says, "Faqir attains eternity by dissolving himself in oneness of Allah. He, when, eliminates himself from other than Allah, his soul reaches to divinity."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazratsultanbahu.com/amk/htp/|title=Reference from Sultan Bahoo's book|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> He says in another book, "faqir has three steps (stages). First step he takes from eternity (without beginning) to this mortal world, second step from this finite world to hereafter and last step he takes from hereafter to manifestation of Allah."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazratsultanbahu.com/english/index.php/The_Noor_ul_Huda_Khurd_-_Complete_Book|title='''Noor ul Khuda''' book of Sultan Bahoo|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref>

== Gurdjieff ==
In the [[Fourth Way]] teaching of [[G. I. Gurdjieff]] the word ''fakir'' is used to denote the specifically [[Human body|physical]] path of development, as opposed to the words ''yogi'' (which Gurdjieff used for a path of [[Mind|mental]] development) and ''[[monk]]'' (which he used for the path of [[emotion]]al development).<ref>''The Fourth Way: Teachings of G.I. Gurdjieff,'' P.D. Ouspensky, Random House USA, 2000</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ghous-e-Azam]]
* [[Madariyya]]
* [[Mirin Dajo]]
* [[Qalandariyya]]
* [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]]
* [[Shramana]]
* [[Wu wei]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary|fakir|faqir}}
{{Commons category|Fakirs}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905}}
{{EB1911 poster|Fakir}}

{{Sufism terminology}}
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[[Category:Hindu asceticism]]
[[Category:Hindustani language]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Islamic asceticism]]
[[Category:Simple living]]
[[Category:Sufi philosophy]]
[[Category:Sufism]]

Fakir - Revision history

2A01:5EC0:E803:3DC8:902D:3030:7A12:E83D at 03:33, 30 June 2022