Ajay Kumar at 18:36, 28 September 2023

2023-09-28T18:36:09Z

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{{short description|Significant event in early Islam}}
{{Muhammad|expanded=life}}The '''Farewell Pilgrimage''' ({{lang-ar|حِجَّة ٱلْوَدَاع|Ḥijjatul Wadāʿ}}) refers to the one [[Hajj]] [[Pilgrimage#Islam|pilgrimage]] that [[Muhammad]] performed in the Islamic year 10 AH, following the [[Conquest of Mecca]]. Muslims believe that verse 22:27 of the Quran brought about the intent to perform Hajj in Muhammad that year. When Muhammad announced this intent, approximately 100,000 of his [[Companions of the Prophet|''Sahaba'']] gathered in [[Medina]] to perform the annual pilgrimage with him. Muhammad performed Hajj al-Qiran.

According to the opinion of [[Sunnis]], Hajj al- Qirān is type of Hajj in which Umrah and Hajj are performed together. On the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, the [[Day of Arafah]], Muhammad delivered the [[Farewell Sermon]] atop the [[Mount Arafat]] outside [[Mecca, Saudi Arabia|Mecca]].

Muhammad's pilgrimage defined several of the rituals and rites of the Hajj and is one of the most well-recorded moments of his life, later transmitted through his ''[[Companions of the Prophet|sahaba]],'' who accompanied him on this occasion, observing every gesture of Muhammad, which has become a precedent to be followed by Muslims all over the world (''[[sunnah]]'').

==Background==
Muhammad had lived in Medina for 10 years since the [[Hijrah]] and had not partaken in any [[Hajj]] [[Pilgrimage (Islam)|pilgrimage]], although he had performed the [[Umrah]] on two previous occasions. Muslims believe that the revelation of verse 27 of [[Surah]] 22, [[Al-Hajj|Al Hajj]]:{{cite quran|22|27}}

{{Quote|And proclaim to the people the Hajj [pilgrimage]; they will come to you on foot and on every lean camel; they will come from every distant pass.|author=|title=|source=}}

Muhammad commit to the Hajj that year. The Muslims in Medina and the surrounding regions gathered with Muhammad to undertake the journey. Muhammad appointed [[Abu Dujana (Sahabah)|Abu Dujana]] [[Ansar (Islam)|al-Ansari]] as the Governor of Medina during his absence. On 25 [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]] (c. February 632), he left Medina, accompanied by all his wives.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad">{{Cite encyclopedia | edition = 2nd| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers| volume = 7| pages = 360–376| last2 = Welch| first2 = A. T.| last1=Buhl | first1 = F.| title = Muḥammad| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]| isbn = 90-04-09419-9| year = 1993}}</ref>

Before leaving for [[Mecca]], Muhammad stayed at the [[Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah]] and taught the Muslims the manner of wearing [[Ihram]]. He first performed [[ghusl]], before putting on his ''ihram'', which is said to have consisted of two pieces of [[Yemen]]i unsewed white cotton. Muhammad then performed the [[Zuhr prayer|Zuhr]] prayer at the ''miqat'' before leaving on a camel named Al Qaswa'. Muhammad then proceeded with his journey until he reached Mecca, arriving eight days later.<ref name="Davids2006" /><ref name="HughesHughes1995">{{cite book|author1=Patrick Hughes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C|title=Dictionary of Islam|author2=Thomas Patrick Hughes|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1995|isbn=978-81-206-0672-2|access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref><ref name="Haykal1994">{{cite book|author=Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC|title=The Life of Muhammad|date=1 May 1994|publisher=The Other Press|isbn=978-983-9154-17-7}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mubārakfūrī, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/806790487|title=The sealed nectar : Ar-raheequl makhtum, biography of the Noble Prophet ṣallá Allāh ʻalayhi wa-sallam|date=2011|publisher=Darussalam|isbn=978-603-500-110-6|location=Riyadh|oclc=806790487}}</ref>

== The ''Hajj'' ==

[[File:Jabal rahma.jpg|thumb|365x365px|[[Mount Arafat]], also known as ''Jabal Rahma'', with the white marble pillar marking the location at which [[Muhammad]] delivered the [[Farewell Sermon]]]]
Spending the night at Dhi Tuwa outside Mecca, Muhammad and his [[Sahabah|companions]] arrived at the [[Masjid al-Haram]] the next day. They entered from what is the Al Salam Gate today and approached the [[Kaaba]]. Muhammad then proceeded to the [[Circumambulation|circumambulate]] the [[Kaaba]] (''[[tawaf]]''), after which he once again touched and kissed the Black Stone. After his prayers, Muhammad drank from the [[Zamzam well]], prayed, and then continued to the hills of [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|As Safa and Al Marwah]], where he performed the ritual walking between the two mountains (''[[sa'ee]]'').<ref name="Haykal1994" /> Muhammad then moved to Al Hujūn; he had not removed his ''ihram'' after the Sa'ee as he had intended to perform Hajj Qirān, which involves performing [[Umrah]] and [[Hajj]] together. Muhammad then ordered those who had arrived without sacrificial animals to observe ''ihram'' for [[Umrah]] and to perform Tawaf and Sa'ee, following which they relieved themselves of ''ihram''.<ref name=":0" />

On the sunset of the 8th of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], Muhammad left for [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] and performed all prayers from [[Zuhr prayer|Zuhr]] to [[Fajr prayer|Fajr]], before leaving for [[Mount Arafat]] the next morning, walking alongside his camel. As he ascended the mountain, he was surrounded by thousands of pilgrims chanting [[Talbiyah]] and [[Takbir]]. Muhammad ordered a tent be erected for him on the east side of [[Mount Arafat]] at a spot called [[Masjid Namirah|Namirah]]. He rested in the tent until the sun passed the [[zenith]], then he rode his camel until he reached the valley of [[Uranah]]. Muhammad delivered his final Friday [[sermon]] (''[[khutbah]]''), known as the [[Farewell Sermon]], to more than 100,000 [[Sahaba]], before leading the [[Zuhr prayer|Zuhr]] and [[Asr prayer|Asr]] prayers in conjunction. Then he moved to plain of Arafat and spent the afternoon in supplication.<ref name="Davids2006">{{cite book|author=Abu Muneer Ismail Davids|title=Getting the Best Out of Hajj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xIijTTxX9UC&pg=PA315|year=2006|publisher=Darussalam|isbn=978-9960-9803-0-0|pages=315–|access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> According to [[Al-Mubarakpuri|Al Mubarakpuri]], verse 3 of [[Surah]] 5, [[Al-Ma'idah|Al Ma'idah]], was revealed to Muhammad after having delivered this sermon:<ref name=":0" />
{{Quote|text=This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed My Favour upon
you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion.|author=|title=|source=}}
Upon sunset of the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, Muhammad arrived at [[Muzdalifah]] and performed his [[Maghrib prayer|Maghrib]] and [[Isha prayer]] before taking rest. At the break of dawn, he prayed and supplicated before returning to Mina in the morning and carrying out the ritual of the [[Stoning of the Devil]], reciting the ''[[takbir]]'' every time he threw a stone at the ''Jamrah''.<ref name="IslamKotob">{{cite book|author=IslamKotob|title=en_TheBiographyoftheProphet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj5l3x9I0l8C&pg=PA154|publisher=IslamKotob|pages=154–|id=GGKEY:DS5PE7D2Z35|access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> Muhammad then ordered the sacrifice of the sacrificial animals that he had brought with him. Muhammad and his companions ate little of what they had sacrificed and gave the rest to charity. Muhammad then returned to Mecca, performed another [[Tawaf]] and prayed [[Zuhr prayer|Zuhr]] at the [[Masjid al-Haram]]. He then drank from the Zamzam well before returning to Mina on the same day and continuing the [[Stoning of the Devil]].<ref name="IslamKotob" /> Muhammad then spent the next three days, the 11th, 12th, and 13th of Dhu al-Hijjah, known as the Days of Tashrīq, in Mina performing the Stoning of the Devil. Al Mubarakpuri says that Muhammad delivered another speech on the 12th, following the revelation of [[Surah]] 110, [[An-Nasr|An Nasr]].<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Farewell Sermon]]
* [[Hejaz]]
* [[First Pilgrimage]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Life of Muhammad|Farewell Pilgrimage]]
[[Category:632]]

Farewell Pilgrimage - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 18:36, 28 September 2023