Dilip kumar at 02:44, 15 September 2023

2023-09-15T02:44:35Z

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{{Short description|Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Hangul white background.png|thumb|A lithograph of the [[Kashmir stag|Kashmiri Stag (Hangul)]] circa 1898.]]

The '''fauna of Jammu and Kashmir''' consist of all [[fauna]] living in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The largest group overall is the [[Arthropods]], whereas the largest in vertebrates are the [[Birds]].{{cn}}

== Biodiversity ==

The fauna of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] account for about 16% of all fauna in India. The majority are vertebrates with around 14% of the species in Jammu and Kashmir, whereas invertebrates are about 2%.{{cn}}

=== Vertebrates ===
There are 867 vertebrate species living in Jammu and Kashmir out of the 6122 species in all of India. Of these 867, 120 are fish, 17 are amphibians, 63 are reptiles, 555 are birds, and 112 are mammals.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Dar |first=Ghulam Hassan |title=An Introduction to Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_1 |work=Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State |pages=3–26 |access-date=2023-06-25 |publisher=Springer, Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_1/tables/1 |last2=Khuroo |first2=Anzar A.}}</ref> Fish make up about 14%, 2% are amphibians, 7% are reptiles, 64% are birds, and mammals make up 13%.

==== Livestock ====
In Kashmir, there are seven breeds of sheep, five breeds of goat, three breeds of horse, two breeds of cattle, and one breed of camel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamadani |first=Ambreen |title=Livestock and poultry breeds of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360972606_Livestock_and_poultry_breeds_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_Ladakh |journal=[[Indian Journal of Animal Sciences]] |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> In his 1895 book ''[[The Valley of Kashmir]]'', travelogue author [[Walter Roper Lawrence]] said that Kashmiri cattle were "small but hardy, and for their size they do a fair tail of work." He also says "they are rather bigger than Brittany cattle, have humps, and their prevailing color is black or grey."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawrence Walter R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234537 |title=The Valley Of Kashmir }}</ref>

=== Invertebrates ===
In Jammu and Kashmir, there are 1485 species of invertebrates, out of the 83,479 species in all of India. There 121 species of [[rotifer]]s, 22 species of [[annelid]]s, 1315 species of [[arthropod]]s, and 27 species of [[mollusk]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, rotifers make up 8% of the 1485 species of invertebrates, 1% are annelids, 89% are arthropods, and mollusks make up less than 2%.{{cn}}

== Conservation ==

=== Endangered Species ===
In Jammu and Kashmir, there are 71 threatened species of fauna. Of these 71, 33 are birds, 26 are mammals, five reptiles or fish, and two amphibians.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Bhat |first=Bilal A. |title=Threatened Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir State |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38 |work=Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State |pages=997–1009 |access-date=2023-06-25 |publisher=Springer, Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38/figures/1 |last2=Ahmad |first2=Riyaz |last3=Fazili |first3=Mustahson F. |last4=Haq |first4=Iqram Ul |last5=Bhat |first5=G. A.}}</ref>

Among the birds, three species are [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered]], four are [[Endangered species|endangered]], 11 are listed as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]], and 15 are [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]]. Among the mammals, one species is critically endangered, five are endangered, eight are vulnerable, and 12 are near threatened. The threatened [[herpetofauna]] of Jammu and Kashmir include five reptilians (two are endangered, two are vulnerable, and one is near threatened) and two amphibians (one is endangered, one is near threatened). Three species of fish are considered threatened (one is critically endangered, one is endangered, and the last one is vulnerable), with the final two assessed as near threatened.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The total number of near threatened faunal species is 30.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Bhat |first=Bilal A. |title=Threatened Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir State |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38 |work=Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State |pages=997–1009 |editor-last=Dar |editor-first=Ghulam Hassan |access-date=2023-06-25 |series=Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38 |isbn=978-981-329-174-4 |last2=Ahmad |first2=Riyaz |last3=Fazili |first3=Mustahson F. |last4=Haq |first4=Iqram Ul |last5=Bhat |first5=G. A. |editor2-last=Khuroo |editor2-first=Anzar A.}}</ref>

== Sources ==

# [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234537/mode/2up The Valley Of Kashmir]
# [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4 Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State]
## [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_1/tables/1 Table 1.1]
## [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38/figures/1 Figure 38.1]
# [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360972606_Livestock_and_poultry_breeds_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_Ladakh (PDF) Livestock and poultry breeds of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]
# [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25181065M/Flora_and_fauna_of_Jammu_Kashmir_Ladakh Flora and Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir]

== External Links ==

* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_38/tables/1 Table 38.1]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir - Revision history

Dilip kumar at 02:44, 15 September 2023