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{{Short description|Chinese international relations concept}}
{{About|the diplomatic principles between India and China|other uses|Pañcasīla (disambiguation){{!}}Pañcasīla}}

{{Politics of China |expanded = Foreign }}

The '''Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence''' ({{zh|s = 和平共处五项原则|p=Hépíng gòngchǔ wǔ xiàng yuánzé}}) are the official foreign relations principles of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC).

The principles were first mentioned in the [[1954 Sino-Indian Agreement]]. Also known as '''Panchsheel''' ({{langx|hi|पंचशील||five principles}}),<ref name=":5" /> these principles were subsequently adopted in a number of resolutions and statements, including in the preamble to the [[Constitution of China|country's constitution]] in 1978.<ref name=":7" />

== Principles ==
The Five Principles, as stated in the [[1954 Sino-Indian Agreement]], are:<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Colville |first=Alex |date=2024-11-29 |title=Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence |url=https://chinamediaproject.org/the_ccp_dictionary/five-principles-of-peaceful-coexistence/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=China Media Project |language=en-US}}</ref>
# mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty,
# mutual non aggression,
# mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs,
# equality and co-operation for mutual benefit, and
# peaceful co-existence
These principles are a strict interpretation of the [[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian norms]] of state sovereignty.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59">{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |title=China's Rise in the Global South: The Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order |date=2022-01-11 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3009-3 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.11126/stanford/9781503630093.001.0001 |jstor=jj.8305946}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=59}} Since its inclusion in the Five Principles, China has emphasized [[non-interventionism]] as major principle of [[Foreign policy of China|its foreign policy]].<ref name="Meng">{{Cite book |last=Meng |first=Wenting |title=Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9783838219073 |series=Ibidem |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=86}}

== History ==
According to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]] first articulated the concept behind the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence at the [[proclamation of the People's Republic of China]] on 1 October 1949, where he said the new Chinese government would engage with anyone that agreed to "the principles of equality, mutual benefit, and mutual respect for territorial sovereignty".<ref name=":7" />

According to [[V. V. Paranjpe]], an Indian diplomat and expert on China, the principles of Panchsheel were first publicly formulated by [[Zhou Enlai]] — "While receiving the Indian delegation to the Tibetan trade talks on Dec. 31, 1953 [...] he enunciated them as "five principles governing China's relations with foreign countries."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Paranjpe |first=V. V. |author-link=V. V. Paranjpe |date=2004-06-26 |title=Panchsheel: The untold story |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/panchsheel-the-untold-story/story-slr90x4s083wXbl8AqWIKM.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417125620/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/panchsheel-the-untold-story/story-slr90x4s083wXbl8AqWIKM.html |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=2020-11-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Then in a joint statement in Delhi on 18 June 1954,<ref name=":2" /> the principles were emphasized by the Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] in a broadcast speech made at the time of the Asian Prime Ministers Conference in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] just a few days after the signing of the Sino-Indian treaty in Beijing. Nehru went so far as to say: "If these principles were recognized in the mutual relations of all countries, then indeed there would hardly be any conflict and certainly no war."<ref>Nehru, "The Colombo Powers' Peace Efforts", broadcast from Colombo 2 May 1954, ''Jawaharlal Nehru's and Mr Sanju from Poojapura, Speeches'', vol. 3, ''March 1953–August 1957'' (New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1958), p. 253.</ref> It has been suggested that the five principles had partly originated as the five principles of the Indonesian state. In June 1945 [[Sukarno]], the Indonesian nationalist leader, had proclaimed five general principles, or [[pancasila (politics)|pancasila]], on which future institutions were to be founded. Indonesia became independent in 1949.<ref>Henri Grimal, ''Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919-1963'', trans. Stephan de Vos, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1978, pp. 190 and 209-12.</ref>

In 1954, after engaging in similar talks with the Burmese government, the three countries agreed to change the fourth point from "mutual gain" to "mutual benefit". The first point was changed from "mutual respect for territorial sovereignty" to "mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity" in 1955.<ref name=":7" /> The five principles were incorporated in modified form in a statement of '''Ten Principles of Peaceful Coexistence'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bandungspirit.org/spip.php?article99 |title=Bandung Principles - Bandung Spirit |access-date=2022-11-14 |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522130113/https://bandungspirit.org/spip.php?article99 |url-status=live }}</ref> (known as ''[[Bandung Conference#Declaration|Dasasila Bandung]]'') issued in April 1955 at the historic [[Asian-African Conference]] in [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]], which did more than any other meeting to form the idea that post-colonial states had something special to offer the world. "A resolution on peaceful co-existence jointly presented by India, Yugoslavia and Sweden was unanimously adopted in 1957 by the [[United Nations General Assembly]]".<ref>Somnath Ghosh. [https://www.rgics.org/wp-content/uploads/From-Panchsheel-to-RCEP.pdf India's Place in the World: From Panchsheel to RCEP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420025641/http://www.rgics.org/wp-content/uploads/From-Panchsheel-to-RCEP.pdf |date=2023-04-20 }}. [[Rajiv Gandhi Foundation|''Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies'']]. Retrieved on 10 November 2020.</ref> The Five Principles as they had been adopted in Colombo and elsewhere formed the basis of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], established in Belgrade, [[Yugoslavia]] in 1961.<ref name="Mohan">{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=C. Raja |date=7 March 2011 |title=How to intervene |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/how-to-intervene/758818/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-date=10 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310063707/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/how-to-intervene/758818 |url-status=live }}</ref>

China has often emphasized its close association with the Five Principles.<ref name="50anniv">{{Cite news |date=2005-04-08 |title=Backgrounder: Five principles of peaceful coexistence |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhuanet]] |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-04/08/content_2803638.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102202803/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-04/08/content_2803638.htm |archive-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref> It had put them forward, as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, at the start of negotiations that took place in [[Delhi]] from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the PRC Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries with respect to the disputed territories of [[Aksai Chin]] and what China calls [[South Tibet]] and India [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The 28 April 1954 agreement mentioned above was set to last for eight years.<ref>The 8-year provision is in Article 6 of the Agreement.</ref> When it lapsed, relations were already souring, the provision for renewal of the agreement was not taken up, and the [[Sino-Indian War]] broke out between the two sides.

In 1979, when [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], then India's Foreign Minister and future Prime Minister, went to China, the word ''Panchsheel,'' found its way into the conversation during talks with the Chinese.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Trumbull |first=Robert |date=1979-02-18 |title='Panchsheel' Is Revived, But . . . |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/18/archives/more-than-himalayas-still-separate-india-china.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509194646/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/18/archives/more-than-himalayas-still-separate-india-china.html |archive-date=2023-05-09 |access-date=2020-11-10 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On the 50th anniversary of the treaty, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]], said that "a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence" should be built.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2004 |title=Build a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |url=http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/ssygd/fiveprinciple/t82103.htm |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Embassy of China in New Delhi}}</ref> Also in 2004, Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] said,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Jiabao |first=Wen |date=28 June 2004 |others=Speech by Wen Jiabao Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China At Rally Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence |title=Carrying Forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in the Promotion of Peace and Development |url=http://tr.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t140777.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819123946/http://tr.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t140777.htm |archive-date=2021-08-19 |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=tr.china-embassy.org |quote=Enshrined in China's Constitution, the Five Principles have long been held as the cornerstone of China's independent foreign policy of peace.}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=It is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has established and developed diplomatic relations with 165 countries and carried out trade, economic, scientific, technological and cultural exchanges and cooperation with over 200 countries and regions. It is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has, through peace negotiations, resolved the boundary issues with most neighbors and maintained peace and stability in its surrounding areas. And it is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has provided economic and technical aid with no political strings attached [...]}}

[[Deng Xiaoping]] championed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence stating that they should be used as the "guiding norms of international relations".<ref>{{cite book |title=Comparative Development of India & China Economic, Technological, Sectoral & Socio-cultural Insights |date=2020 |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=372}}</ref> He emphasized that China should follow the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in managing its foreign relations with countries that were organized according to different political beliefs and social systems.<ref name=":ChineseTheory">{{Cite book |last1=Yue |first1=Cui |title=Chinese International Relations Theory as Emerging From Practice and Policy |date=2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-19769-7 |editor-last=Ping |editor-first=Jonathan H. |edition= |location=New York, NY |chapter=Conceptualizing Peace in China: Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Their Strategic Thinking |doi=10.4324/9780429197697-3 |editor-last2=Hayes |editor-first2=Anna |editor-last3=McCormick |editor-first3=Brett}}</ref>{{Rp|page=49}}

In June 2014, Vice President of India [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] was welcomed by China into the [[Great Hall of the People]] in Beijing for the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the signing Panchsheel Treaty.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Ananth |date=2014-06-24 |title=In China's new diplomacy, a revival of 'Panchsheel' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/In-China%E2%80%99s-new-diplomacy-a-revival-of-%E2%80%98Panchsheel%E2%80%99/article11625142.ece |access-date=2020-09-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810175149/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/In-China%E2%80%99s-new-diplomacy-a-revival-of-%E2%80%98Panchsheel%E2%80%99/article11625142.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] said that "China is ready to work with India to seek guidance from the five principles of Panchsheel".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-05 |title=Modi China visit: Xi Jinping hails JL Nehru in meet with PM Modi, says willing to work with India on principles of Panchsheel |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/modi-china-visit-xi-jinping-hails-jl-nehru-in-meet-with-pm-modi-says-willing-to-work-with-india-on-principles-of-panchsheel/841705/ |access-date=2020-11-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509141321/https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/modi-china-visit-xi-jinping-hails-jl-nehru-in-meet-with-pm-modi-says-willing-to-work-with-india-on-principles-of-panchsheel/841705/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Other contexts ===

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are Chinese political norms articulated in other contexts as well. In 1982, [[Hu Yaobang]]'s report to the [[12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]] stated, "China adheres to an independent foreign policy and develops relationships with other countries under the guidance of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Huang |first=Yibing |title=An ideological history of the Communist Party of China |date=2020 |others=Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant |isbn=978-1-4878-0425-1 |edition= |volume=3 |location=Montreal, Quebec |pages= |oclc=1165409653}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=206}} According to the view stated by Hu in this report, "China will never be dependent on any big country or group of countries, nor will it yield to the pressure of any big country [...] The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence apply to our relations with all countries, including socialist countries."<ref name=":8" />{{Reference page|page=207}}

These principles are also part of the discourse in [[China–Pakistan relations|China-Pakistan relations]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=The New Great Game: China and South and Central Asia in the Era of Reform |date=2020-12-31 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1 |editor-last=Fingar |editor-first=Thomas |editor-link=Thomas Fingar |doi=10.1515/9780804797641}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=133–134}} In a speech to Pakistani parliament in 1999, Chairman of the Standing Committee of China's [[National People's Congress]] [[Li Peng]] stated, "China has all along pursued an independent foreign policy of peace and established and developed relations with other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence."<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|page=133}} The principles were codified in the April 2005 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Good Neighborly Relations signed during a visit by Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to Pakistan.<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|page=133}}

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are the fundamental political norms underlying the [[China–Arab States Cooperation Forum|China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CACF)]] and the [[Forum on China–Africa Cooperation|Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)]].<ref name="Murphy 2022 59"/>{{Reference page|page=59}}

Since the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|2011 NATO intervention in Libya]], China has more strongly advocated for the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />{{Reference page|page=60}}

[[China and the United Nations|China's United Nations]] Security Council voting behavior reflects its commitment to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />{{Reference page|page=193}} From 1991 to 2020, the vast majority of China's abstentions and all of its vetoes have occurred on issues that involve territorial integrity, primarily sanctions and the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />{{Reference page|page=193}} In her analysis of China's Security Council voting behavior, Professor Dawn C. Murphy concludes, "These votes directly correspond to China's promotion of the Five Principles, especially the principles of mutual respect for territory and sovereignty and mutual noninterference in the internal affairs of other states."<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />{{Reference page|page=193}}

== Commentary and criticism ==
[[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ambedkar]] said of the treaty in the [[Rajya Sabha]] "I am indeed surprised that our Hon'ble Prime Minister is taking this Panchsheel seriously [...] you must be knowing that Panchsheel is one of the significant parts of the Buddha Dharma. If Shri Mao had even an iota of faith in Panchsheel, he would have treated the Buddhists in his country in a different manner."<ref name=":0">LL Mehrotra (2000). [https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf India’s Tibet Policy: An Appraisal And Options] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005629/https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf |date=2023-04-08 }}. pp 25, 26. Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre. Third edition. New Delhi.</ref> In 1958, [[Acharya Kriplani]] had said the Panchsheel was "born in sin" because it was set forth with the destruction of a nation; India had approved of ancient Tibet's destruction.<ref name=":0" />

In 2014, Zhao Gancheng, a Chinese scholar said that on the surface Panchsheel seemed very superficial; but under the [[general secretaryship of Xi Jinping]], it has become relevant again.<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, [[Ram Madhav]] wrote a piece in the [[The Indian Express|''Indian Express'']] titled, "Moving beyond the Panchsheel deception" and said that if India and China decide to move on from the Panchsheel framework, it will benefit both countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Ram |author-link=Ram Madhav |date=2014-06-28 |title=Moving beyond the Panchsheel deception |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/moving-beyond-the-panchsheel-deception/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509151519/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/moving-beyond-the-panchsheel-deception/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== List of documents containing the five principles ==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2021}}

=== China ===

* Preamble to the Constitution of China<ref name=":3" />

=== China and Afghanistan ===

* Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Tzou |first=Byron N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHuybRYYE4YC |title=China and International Law: The Boundary Disputes |date=1990 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-93462-0 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>
* Boundary Treaty, 1963<ref name=":4" />

=== China and Burma ===

* Joint Statement, June 20, 1954<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Boundary Treaty, 1960<ref name=":4" />

=== China and Cambodia ===

* Joint Statement, 1958<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Joint Communique, 1960<ref name=":4" />

=== China and India ===
* India China joint press communique, 23 December 1988<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sino-Indian Joint Press Communique (Beijing, 23 December 1988) |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t15800.shtml |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn |archive-date=2017-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522171450/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t15800.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993]]
* [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993#Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996|Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996]]
* Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation, 2003
* Protocol on Modalities for the Implementation of Military Confidence Building Measures along the Line of Actual Control, 2005
* [[Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question, 2005]]
*China-India Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity, 2005<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2005 |title=China, India to Build Strategic Partnership |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Apr/125627.htm |access-date=2021-07-02 |website=www.china.org.cn |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182243/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Apr/125627.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* MOU between the Ministry of Defence of India and the Ministry of National Defence of China for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence, 2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of India and the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence (May 28, 2006) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6169/Memorandum_of_Understanding_between_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Republic_of_India_and_the_Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_C |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=www.mea.gov.in |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421022611/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6169/Memorandum_of_Understanding_between_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Republic_of_India_and_the_Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_C |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Joint Statement on Building a Closer Developmental Partnership, 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement between the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China on Building a Closer Developmental Partnership (September 19, 2014) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/24022/Joint+Statement+between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China+on+Building+a+Closer+Developmental+Partnership |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=www.mea.gov.in |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217223750/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/24022/Joint+Statement+between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China+on+Building+a+Closer+Developmental+Partnership |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== China and Nepal ===
* Agreement on the normalisation of diplomatic relations, 1955<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty between the PRC and the Kingdom of Nepal, 1956<ref name=":4" />
* Agreement on Economic Assistance to Nepal, 1956<ref name=":4" />
* Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of peace and friendship, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Boundary Treaty, 1961<ref name=":4" />

=== China and Pakistan ===
* Boundary Agreement, 1963 (Ten principles)<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Good Neighborly Relations, 2005<ref name=":6" />

=== China and Russia ===
* The Declaration of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on the Promotion of International Law, 25 June 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Declaration of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Promotion of International Law |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201608/t20160801_679466.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133458/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201608/t20160801_679466.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of Indian foreign relations]]
* [[Bandung Conference#Declaration]] or "Ten Principles of Peaceful Coexistence"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20299/v299.pdf
* (June 2014) ''[http://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/191_panchsheel.pdf Panchsheel]''. External Publicity Division, Ministry Of External Affairs, Government Of India.

{{Non-Aligned Movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Five Principles Of Peaceful Coexistence}}
[[Category:Constitution of China]]
[[Category:China–India relations]]
[[Category:Chinese diplomacy]]
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of India]]
[[Category:Zhou Enlai]]
[[Category:Politics of China]]

Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence - Revision history

Wazid at 07:12, 14 December 2025