2001:4454:63E:BB00:556A:F146:8FCD:9EC7 at 05:41, 26 April 2022

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{{Taxobox
| name = Angiospermae
| fossil_range = [[Lower Cretaceous]] – Recent
| image = Galanthus nivalis.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Snowdrop]]
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| subregnum = [[Embryophyte|Embryophyta]]
| divisio = '''Angiospermae'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Classes]]
| subdivision = Traditional groups: 
[[Magnoliopsida]] – Dicots 
[[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]] – Monocots
}}

Most land plants today are '''flowering plants''' ('''Angiosperm''' or '''Magnoliophyta''').

Together with the [[Gymnosperm|gymnosperms]] they make up the [[seed plants]]. They are different from the gymnosperms because angiosperms have [[flower]]s, and have enclosed [[ovule]]s. Gymnosperms have naked seeds on cones or open structures.

== Typical adaptations ==
[[File:Rose bud.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Bud]] of a pink [[rose]]]]
Angiosperms have a number of [[derived]] characters, which evolved as they split off from the gymnosperms.
* [[Flower]]s
Flowers, the [[reproductive organ]]s of flowering plants, are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them from other [[seed plant]]s. Flowers, with their colour and their [[nectar]], attract pollinators, which are mostly insects and birds.

Gymnosperms are almost entirely wind-pollinated, but early flowers were probably all insect-pollinated.<ref>Crepet WL, Friis EM, Nixon KC 1991. Fossil evidence for the evolution of biotic pollination [and discussion]. ''Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences''. '''333''' (1267): 187–195. [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1991.0067]</ref> Some present-day flowering plants are wind-pollinated, but that is a secondary feature.<ref>Bakker, Robert T. 1986. ''The dinosaur heresies: new theories unlocking the mystery of the dinosaurs and their extinction''. Morrow, New York.</ref>p182
* [[Fruit]]s
The fertilized angiosperm ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into the fruit. The fruit is often a way to use animals to spread the seeds far and wide. The fruit is made out of the [[carpel]] and some tissue round it. The carpel carries structures called [[ovule]]s, inside which egg cells form.
* [[Endosperm]]
In general, endosperms form after fertilization and before the first division of the [[zygote]]. Endosperm is a highly nutritive tissue that can provide food for the developing [[embryo]], the [[cotyledon]]s, and sometimes the [[seedling]] when it first appears.
* Sexual parts
Specialised sexual parts have led to [[co-evolution]] in fertilization and seed dispersal. The [[stamen]]s, and the male and female [[gametophyte]]s, have been adapted in many ways to suit particular pollinators. The smaller [[pollen grain]] shortens the time between pollination and fertilization, which can be up to a year in gymnosperms. The small female gametophyte also allows rapid seed production, which led to annual [[herbaceous]] [[life-cycle]]s.

Adaptations in these novelties allowed angiosperms to invade many [[habitat]]s. They now dominate everywhere except the [[boreal forest]] or [[taiga]], which is still composed almost entirely of gymnosperms, usually [[Pine|pines]].

== Phylogeny ==
Molecular evidence indicates that the ancestors of angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms during the late [[Devonian]], about 365 million years ago. They did not appear in the fossil record until the Mesozoic, almost two hundred million years later.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Stull|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Qu|first2=Xiao-Jian|last3=Parins-Fukuchi|first3=Caroline|last4=Yang|first4=Ying-Ying|last5=Yang|first5=Jun-Bo|last6=Yang|first6=Zhi-Yun|last7=Hu|first7=Yi|last8=Ma|first8=Hong|last9=Soltis|first9=Pamela S.|last10=Soltis|first10=Douglas E.|last11=Li|first11=De-Zhu|date=July 19, 2021|title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1015–1025|doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|pmid=34282286|s2cid=236141481|issn=2055-0278|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174725/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A whole [[genome]] duplication (doubling) at 160 million years ago (mya) may have started the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Callaway, Ewen | title = Shrub genome reveals secrets of flower power | journal = Nature | issue = | pages = | year = 2013 | pmid = | doi = 10.1038/nature.2013.14426 | url = http://www.nature.com/news/shrub-genome-reveals-secrets-of-flower-power-1.14426?WT.mc_id=GPL_NatureNews | volume= |bibcode = | s2cid = 88293665 }}</ref> That event was studied by [[sequence analysis|sequencing the genome]] of an ancient flowering plant, ''[[Amborella trichopoda]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Keith Adams | title = Genomic Clues to the Ancestral Flowering Plant | journal = Science | issue = 6165 | pages = 1456–1457 |date=December 2013 | pmid = 24357306| doi = 10.1126/science.1248709 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6165/1456.summary | volume= 342 |bibcode = 2013Sci...342.1456A| s2cid = 206553839 }}</ref> ''Amborella'', found on the Pacific island of [[New Caledonia]], belongs to a [[sister group]] of the other flowering plants. Studies suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/uoca-spp051506.php South Pacific plant may be missing link in evolution of flowering plants] — Public release date: 17-May-2006</ref>

The earliest known [[fossil]] confidently identified as an angiosperm, ''[[Archaefructus]] liaoningensis'', is dated to about 125 mya in the [[Lower Cretaceous]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Sun G. ''et al'' 2002. Archaefructaceae, a new [[basal]] Angiosperm family |title = Archaefructaceae, a New Basal Angiosperm Family| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/5569/899?ck=nck&siteid=sci&ijkey=8dZ6zTqF606ps&keytype=ref | journal = Science |year = 2002| volume = 296 | issue = 5569| pages = 899–904 | doi=10.1126/science.1069439 | pmid=11988572 |bibcode = 2002Sci...296..899S|s2cid = 1910388}}</ref> Pollen probably of angiosperm origin takes the [[fossil]] record back to about 130 mya.

The [[phylogeny]] of Angiosperms is as follows: <ref>Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''141''': 399-436 [http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II - 2003 - Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society - Wiley Online Library]</ref><ref>Angiosperm phylogeny website [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5FHAJSNUv?url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ |date=2006-04-20 }}</ref>
* Angiosperms (flowering plants)
** [[Amborella]]: one species only, from [[New Guinea]].
** [[Nymphaeales]]: 80 species, mainly water lilies.
** [[Austrobaileyales]]: 100 species of woody plants from round the world .
** [[Magnoliids]]: about 9000 species, with trimerous (3-part) flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.
** [[Monocot]]s about 7000 species, with trimerous flowers, a single cotyledon, pollen with one pore, and usually parallel-veined leaves—for example [[Grass|grasses]], [[Orchid|orchids]], and [[Palm tree|palms]].
** ''[[Ceratophyllum]]'', about six species of [[aquatic plant]]s, familiar as [[aquarium]] plants;
** [[Eudicots]], about 175,000 species, 4- or 5-merous flowers, pollen with three pores, and usually branching-veined leaves—for example [[sunflower]]s, [[petunia]], [[buttercup]], [[apple]]s, and [[oak]]s.

The territory is pretty much covered by three groups: the [[Magnoliids]], the [[Monocots]] and the [[Eudicots]]. The Eudicots outnumber all other groups put together.

== See also ==
*[[Flower]]
*[[Template:Life timeline|Life timeline]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{wikispecies|Angiosperms}}

[[Category:Flowering plants| ]]

Flowering plant - Revision history

2001:4454:63E:BB00:556A:F146:8FCD:9EC7 at 05:41, 26 April 2022