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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Fort Geldria
| native_language = Tamil
| image =India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_003_-_entrance_to_the_Dutch_cemetery.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| designation1 =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value =
| location = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| elevation =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture =
| coordinates = {{coord|13|25|10|N|80|18|59|E|display=inline}}
| locmapin = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

'''Fort Geldria''' or '''Fort Geldaria''', located in [[Pulicat]], [[Tamil Nadu]], was the seat of the [[Dutch Republic]]'s first settlement in [[India]], and the capital of [[Dutch Coromandel]].<ref name="MM">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/02/stories/13021283.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020326044940/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/02/stories/13021283.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2002|title=Madras Miscellany|last=Muthiah, S.|author-link=S. Muthiah|date=2 July 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref> It was built by the [[Dutch East India Company]] in 1613 and became the local governmental centre in 1616.<ref>{{cite book|title=European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-colonial India|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1998|series=The New Cambridge History of India|volume=2|pages=127–128|isbn=978-0-521-25758-9|oclc=489951836}}</ref> It was named for [[Gelderland|Geldria]], the native province of Wemmer van Berchem, the General Director of the company.<ref name="James34">[[#James|James]] 2009, p. 34</ref> Regularly protected by a garrison of 80 to 90 men,<ref>{{cite book|last=Lach|first=Donald F.|author2=Edwin J. van Kley|title=Asia in the making of Europe: A Century of Advance|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1998|series=South Asia|volume=3|pages=1067|chapter=The Downfall of Two Empires: Vijayanagar and Golconda|isbn=978-0-226-46767-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBZg0OhbiXMC&pg=PA1067|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref> Fort Geldria was the only fortification in the Indian empire;<ref name="James32">[[#James|James]] 2009, p. 32</ref> all other positions of the Dutch Company were trading posts.<ref name="James32"/>

==Dutch ownership==
[[File:Pulicat-India-Dutch-Cemetery-5.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Dutch cemetery in Pulicat]]
The fort was built on the shores of [[Pulicat Lake]], which provides access to the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Coromandel Coast]], an important area for trade and a scene of rivalry between the colonial powers of the Dutch, the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], and the [[British Empire|British]]. A Portuguese fort had existed previously on the spot, and Fort Geldria was built on its foundations, with the permission of Queen Oboyama, wife of [[Vijayanagara Emperor]] [[Venkatapati Raya]], based in [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri Fort]], who was supposed to contribute financially and become part-owner. This process, however, proved too slow for the Dutch, and they decided to finance and build it themselves.<ref name="vocsite"/> Local tradition holds that a Dutch ship, stranded in 1606, found aid among a group of expatriate Muslims, and thus began a trade partnership.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/10/19/stories/2003101900280700.htm|title=... and a placid Pulicat experience|last=Sanjeeva Raj|first=P.J.|date=19 October 2003|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826092210/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/10/19/stories/2003101900280700.htm|archive-date=26 August 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Within one month of completion, the fort came under attack from a local chieftain, Etheraja. After he was repulsed, the Portuguese attacked the fort from both land and sea but were fought off. The Dutch formed an alliance with the local traders and the Portuguese were kept at bay. The fort, which was supplied by the ''[[Dutch ship Gouden Leeuw|Gouden Leeuw]]'' in 1618 with 130 Dutch soldiers and 32 guns,<ref>{{cite book|title=Historiesch verhaal: Van het begin, voortgang en teegenwoordigen staat der koophandel, van de Generaale Nederlandsche geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische compagnie|publisher=W. Troost|location=Arnhem|year=1772|pages=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBk5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA80|accessdate=18 February 2010|language=Dutch}}</ref> became a focal point in the local turmoil and provided refuge to people from the Portuguese colonies.<ref name="James35">[[#James|James]] 2009, p. 35</ref> In 1619, the chief at Fort Geldria was accorded the title of Governor and Extraordinary Councillor of the Indies. In the second half of the seventeenth century, the fort's importance as a trading post (it dealt mainly in [[cotton]] fabrics<ref name="vocsite">{{cite web|url=http://www.vocsite.nl/geschiedenis/handelsposten/coromandel.html|title=Handelsposten: Coromandel|publisher=VOCsite.nl|accessdate=18 February 2010|language=Dutch}}</ref>) began to decline, due partly to competition with the British but mostly as a result of the southward expansion of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=K.N.|author2=Jonathan I. Israel|title=The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact|editor=Jonathan I. Israel|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|pages=418|chapter=The East-India Companies and the Revolution of 1688-9|isbn=978-0-521-54406-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCvyi5_m6ScC&pg=PA418|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref> By 1689, the government moved to [[Nagapattinam|Negapatnam]] and subsequently to [[Ceylon]].<ref name="James36">[[#James|James]] 2009, p. 36</ref>

When the director's seat moved, the fort was left with 18 guns and 40 men. The fort was restored in 1714, and was occupied by the British from 1781 to 1785. Fort Geldria's success as a trading post seems unaffected by the changes of power. In 1786, for instance, [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]] loaded with merchandise come in every month from places like [[Golkonda]] and [[Suratte]] and ships sail in from the [[Red Sea]], [[Goa]], and [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]; there is a lively trade in cotton fabric and a flourishing industry in the [[dyeing]] of textiles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nederlandsche reizen, tot bevordering van den koophandel, na de meest afgelegene gewesten des aardkloots|publisher=Petrus Conradi; V. van der Plaats|location=Amsterdam; Harlingen|year=1786|volume=9-10|pages=145–46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdITAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA145|accessdate=18 February 2010|language=Dutch}}</ref> A 1792 description of Dutch trading posts in the East reports trade in [[sugar]], [[Arrack (drink)|arrack]], Japanese [[copper]], and [[Spice trade|spices]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Huysers|first=Ary|author2=Reinier de Klerk|title=Beknopte beschryving der Oostindische etablissementen|publisher=Roos, Roos, and Vermandel|location=Amsterdam|year=1792|edition=2|pages=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFVbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA85|accessdate=18 February 2010|language=Dutch}}</ref> In 1795, the Dutch surrendered the fort to the British and blew it up in 1804 or 1805, before finally giving ownership to the British on 1 June 1825.<ref name="vocsite"/>

==British, Indian ownership==
The British held the fort from 1825 until Indian independence. Fort Geldria is currently maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="MM"/><ref name="vocsite"/><ref name="varghese"/> Plans to restore the fort involve a cooperation between Dutch architects and scholars and the Tamil Nadu government, with financial help from the Dutch and Indian governments. The plans propose a restoration of the [[wetland]] eco-system of the area and of the remaining Dutch structures, including the well-preserved cemetery<ref name="varghese">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2001/08/06/stories/100672g4.htm|title=Will Pulicat make it?|last=Varghese |first=Nina|date=6 August 2001|publisher=[[Business Line]]|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref> with 76 tombstones carved in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/10/29/stories/2004102903361000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126001151/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/10/29/stories/2004102903361000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2004|title=Ancient church on the shore|last=Sanjeeva Raj|first=P. J.|date=29 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=James|first=Rapson Edward|title=The Cambridge history of India|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-110-28441-2|oclc=875984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Au38a1tAXhoC&pg=PP1|ref=James}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/AMH/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=nl&id=5399 1672 copper engraving of Fort Geldria]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu|Geldria]]
[[Category:Dutch Coromandel]]
[[Category:1613 establishments in the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:1613 establishments in India]]

Fort Geldria - Revision history

Bot at 06:16, 26 November 2022