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{{Short description|British military officer and politician (1877–1954)}}
{{for-multi|the American college president (1863–1917)|Frederick Henry Sykes|the English organist and composer|Frederick William Sykes|fictional Deputy US Marshal|The Fugitive (1993 film)#Cast}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Vice-Marshal]]
| name = Sir Frederick Sykes
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCSI|GCIE|GBE|KCB|CMG}}
| image = Maj Gen Frederick Sykes.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Major General Frederick Sykes c. 1918
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1877|07|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Addiscombe]], [[Surrey]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1954|09|30|1877|07|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| burial_place =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]] (1899–1918) [[Royal Air Force]] (1918–1919)
| service_years = 1899–1919
| rank = [[Air vice-marshal]]
| service_number =
| unit =
| commands = [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (1918–1919) [[RNAS Eastern Mediterranean]] (1915–1916) Military Wing of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] (1912–1914)
| battles = [[Second Boer War]] [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (2) [[Order of Saint Vladimir|Order of Saint Vladimir, 4th Class]] (Russia) [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Commander of the Order of Leopold]] (Belgium) [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] (United States) [[Commander of the Legion of Honour]] (France) [[Order of the Rising Sun|Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class]] (Japan)
| relations =
| other_work = Statesman, politician
}}
'''Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes''' (23 July 1877 – 30 September 1954) was a British military officer and politician.

Sykes was a junior officer in the [[15th The King's Hussars|15th Hussars]] before becoming interested in military aviation. He was the first Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] before the First World War, and later served as the Flying Corps' Chief of Staff in France in 1914 and 1915. Later in the war, he served in the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] in the Eastern Mediterranean before returning to Great Britain where he worked to organise the [[Machine Gun Corps]] and manpower planning. In late 1917 and early 1918, Sykes was the deputy to [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|General Wilson]] on the [[Supreme War Council]] and from April 1918 to early 1919 he served as the second [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]].

After the war, Sykes was appointed the Controller of Civil Aviation and he continued in this role until 1922 when he entered politics, becoming the Conservative MP for [[Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Hallam]], which he held until 1928 when he resigned. From 1928 to 1931 he was [[Governor of Bombay]], after which time he returned to Great Britain where he involved himself in business and public life. During the [[Second World War]], Sykes was an MP once more, this time for [[Nottingham Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Central Nottingham]]. He lost his seat in 1945 and he died nine years later.

==Military career==
Sykes was the son of Henry Sykes and Margaret Sykes (née Sykes), and nephew of the artist [[Godfrey Sykes]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36393 |title=Sir Frederick Sykes |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36393 |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> Following civilian employment as a clerk and after working on a tea plantation in [[Ceylon]],<ref name=odnb/> Sykes enlisted as a trooper in the [[Imperial Yeomanry]] Scouts regiment of the [[British Army]] at the start of the [[Second Boer War]].<ref name=air>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Sykes.htm |publisher=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation |title= Air Vice Marshal Sir Frederick Sykes|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> Following capture, Sykes was forcibly marched across South Africa but was later abandoned and returned to the British forces.<ref name=odnb/> In 1900 he was commissioned into [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts']] Bodyguard but suffered a serious wound to the chest which resulted in his being invalided back to Great Britain.<ref name=odnb/> On 2 October 1901 he was granted a regular commission as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[15th The King's Hussars|15th Hussars]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27360|page=6397|date=1 October 1901}}</ref> He was posted to the West African Regiment and granted the local rank of [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 7 March 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27537|page=1985|date=24 March 1903}}</ref> He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 29 July 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27595|page=5598|date=8 September 1903}}</ref>

In 1904, Sykes's interest in aviation was first demonstrated when he obtained a [[Hot-air balloon|ballooning]] certificate whilst being attached to the Balloon Section of the [[Royal Engineers]].<ref name=odnb/> He was restored to the establishment of the 15th Hussars on 22 September 1904.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27745|page=8720|date=20 December 1904}}</ref> He joined the Intelligence Staff at [[Shimla|Simla]] in [[India]] in 1905 before attending [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Staff College, Quetta]] in autumn 1908.<ref name=air/> He was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 1 October 1908.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28193|page=8028|date=6 November 1908}}</ref> In 1910 Sykes commenced flying lessons at [[Brooklands]] which led to him being awarded [[Royal Aero Club]] [[List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Royal Aero Club in 1911|certificate No. 96]] in June 1911.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1911/1911%20-%200567.html|title=Aviators' Certificates|year=1911|publisher=Flight International|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> On 25 February 1911 Sykes was posted as a staff officer to the Directorate of Military Operations at the [[War Office]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28471|page=1636|date=3 March 1911}}</ref> As a firm believer in the importance of wartime aerial reconnaissance, he was chosen to join the sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence which was given the task of investigating the use of aircraft.<ref name=prob5>Probert, p. 5</ref>

[[File:First flying and administrative officers of the Royal Flying Corps RAE-O790.jpg|thumb|left|Sykes in 1913 with fellow officers]]
On 13 May 1912 Sykes was appointed Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps with the temporary rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28609|page=3583|date=17 May 1912}}</ref> His duties included the recruitment and training of pilots.<ref name=prob5/> While in command, Sykes solicited suggestions for a new motto for the Corps: Sykes approved J. S. Yule's suggestion, ''[[Per ardua ad astra|Per Ardua ad Astra]]'', and it was this phrase which was subsequently adopted by the [[Royal Air Force]] as its motto.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newenglishreview.org/print.cfm?pg=custpage&frm=50757&sec_id=104546|title=Per Ardua ad Astra|date=January 2012|magazine=New English Review|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> On 9 July 1913 his role was restyled as Commandant of the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps and he was granted the temporary rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-colonel]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28735|page=4870|date=8 July 1913}}</ref>

With the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]], Royal Flying Corps squadrons were deployed to France in August 1914.<ref name=prob5/> Although the configuration and effectiveness of the deployed forces owed much to Sykes, as a middle-ranking officer he lacked the seniority thought necessary for command in the field.<ref name=prob5/> [[David Henderson (British Army officer)|General Henderson]] became the [[general officer commanding]] the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes acted as his [[Chief of staff (military)|chief of staff]] from 5 August 1914.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28879|page=6685|date=25 August 1914}}</ref> On 22 November 1914, Henderson was appointed General Officer Commanding the [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Division]]<ref name=odnb/> and Sykes took up command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30359|page=11252|date=30 October 1917 |supp=y }}</ref> However, Sykes did not spend long in command. The decision to post Henderson and replace him with Sykes was not to [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener's]] liking and he ordered a reversal of the posting. On 21 December 1914, Henderson resumed command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes was granted the temporary rank of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] and once again made his chief of staff.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29054|page=990|date=29 January 1915 |supp=y }}</ref> He was promoted to the [[Brevet (military)|brevet rank]] of lieutenant colonel on 18 February 1915.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29074|page=1687|date=16 February 1915 |supp=y }}</ref> With the rapid expansion of the corps, there was a growing debate between those who believed that the corps should remain under central control and those who hoped that its units could be placed under the control of the corps or divisional commanders.<ref name=prob5/> Unsurprisingly as chief of staff, Sykes took the former view and following increasing arguments, Sykes was posted on 26 May 1915 being placed at the disposal of the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]].<ref name=air/>

Sykes visited the [[Dardanelles]] to investigate the confused air situation and after writing a report he was appointed as the Officer Commanding the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] Eastern Mediterranean Station on 24 July 1915<ref name=air/> with the rank of [[Royal Navy officer rank insignia#Royal Marines|colonel second commandant]] in the [[Royal Marines]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29304|pages=9323-9324|date=21 September 1915}}</ref> as well as the rank of Wing Captain in the [[Royal Naval Air Service]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29304|page=9324|date=21 September 1915}}</ref> This made Sykes the air commander for the [[Gallipoli campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rafmuseum-1.titaninternet.co.uk/milestones-of-flight/british_military/1915_2.cfm|title=Milestones of Flight: British Military Aviation in 1915|publisher=RAF Museum|access-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505084439/http://rafmuseum-1.titaninternet.co.uk/milestones-of-flight/british_military/1915_2.cfm|archive-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> During this time he acted on the recommendations of his report, building up air forces that sunk several Turkish ships. He was honoured as [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 14 March 1916<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29507|page=2869|date=14 March 1916 |supp=y }}</ref> and [[mentioned in despatches]] on 16 March 1916.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29507|page=2867|date=14 March 1916 |supp=y }}</ref>

Sykes was made assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general of the [[4th Mounted Division]] in March 1916<ref name=air/> and, having been awarded the Russian [[Order of St Vladimir|Order of St Vladimir, 4th Class]] on 12 April 1916,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29547|page=3915|date=14 April 1916}}</ref> he was appointed assistant adjutant-general at the [[War Office]] with responsibility for organising the [[Machine Gun Corps]] and manpower planning on 9 June 1916.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29699|page=7860|date=8 August 1916 |supp=y }}</ref> He was made Deputy Director of Organisation at the War Office and granted the temporary rank of [[brigadier general]] on 8 February 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30087|page=5037|date=22 May 1917 |supp=y }}</ref> On 27 November 1917 he became Deputy Adjutant and Quartermaster-General at the War Office<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30528|page=2130|date=15 February 1918 |supp=y }}</ref> in which role he served on the British section of the [[Supreme War Council|Allied War Council]] in the [[Palace of Versailles]] under General [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Wilson]].<ref name=air/>

Sykes's military career culminated in his appointment as [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] on 13 April 1918<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=30640|page=4743|date=19 April 1918}}</ref> and, in that role, he did much to establish the new service.<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to brevet colonel in June 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30721|page=6515|date=31 May 1918|supp=y}}</ref> However, in January 1919, two months after the war ended, [[Winston Churchill]] was appointed [[Secretary of State for War]] and [[Secretary of State for Air]]. While Churchill was preoccupied with implementing post-War defence cuts and the demobilization of the Army, Sykes submitted a paper with what were at the time unrealistic proposals for a large air force of the future.<ref>Ash, pp. 175–177</ref> Being dissatisfied with Sykes's performance, Churchill decided to reinstate [[Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard|Sir Hugh Trenchard]], the previous Chief of the Air Staff.<ref>Boyle, pp. 325–328</ref> Accordingly, on 1 January 1919 Sykes was appointed a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31098|page=91|date=31 December 1918 |supp=y }}</ref> and allowed to take early retirement with the rank of [[Major general (United Kingdom)|major general]] with effect from 31 March 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31348|page=6249|date=20 May 1919}}</ref>

Sykes was appointed a Commander of the Belgian [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] on 15 July 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31457|page=8987|date=11 July 1919 |supp=y }}</ref> and awarded the American [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] on the same date.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31457|page=8986|date=11 July 1919 |supp=y }}</ref> He was also granted the rank of [[air vice marshal]] when the RAF introduced its own rank structure on 1 August 1919, appointed a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] on 26 August 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31522|page=10753|date=26 August 1919}}</ref> and appointed an officer of the French [[Legion of Honour]] on 18 November 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31519|page=10724|date=22 August 1919}}</ref>
[[File:British Air Section at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.jpg|thumb|right|The British Air Section at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919]]

From 1919 to 1922, Sykes was the Controller of Civil Aviation.<ref name=air/> He was awarded the Japanese [[Order of the Rising Sun|Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class]] on 4 January 1921<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32180|page=62|date=4 January 1921}}</ref> and in 1922 he published ''Aviation in War and Peace'', a history of aviation in three chapters which covered pre-War flight, aviation during World War I and both military and civil aviation in peace time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Aviation-Peace-War-ebook/dp/B0082X9VYI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1344380349&sr=8-1|title=Aviation in War and Peace|publisher=Amazon Books|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Frederick Sykes.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sir Frederick Sykes circa 1940]]
Sykes entered political life at the [[1922 United Kingdom general election|general election]] in November 1922 when he was elected the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Hallam]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32775|page=8709|date=8 December 1922}}</ref> Sykes retained the seat at the [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923 election]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32897|page=365|date=11 January 1924}}</ref> and the [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924 election]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32996|page=8531|date=25 November 1924}}</ref> He [[Resignation from the British House of Commons|resigned]] the seat on 26 June 1928<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33405|page=4897|date=20 June 1928}}</ref> to become [[Governor of Bombay]] on 17 October 1928.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33433|page=6856|date=26 October 1928}}</ref> He was appointed a [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] on 3 November 1928<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33436|page=7205|date=6 November 1928}}</ref> and a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] on 20 November 1928<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33440|page=7549|date=20 November 1928}}</ref> and served in Bombay until 8 November 1933.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33995|page=7375|date=14 November 1933}}</ref>

Sykes returned to Great Britain in 1933 and for the next six years he held various directorships and official committee posts including with the Miners' Welfare Commission and the [[British Sailors' Society]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ash|first1=Eric|title=Sir Frederick Sykes and the Air Revolution 1912–1918|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136315237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZ2Z_dWuVIC&pg=PT263|access-date=31 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> He was appointed a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] on 2 February 1934<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34020|page=749|date=2 February 1934}}</ref> and a [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Knight of Justice of the Order of St John]] on 19 June 1936.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34297|page=4013|date=23 June 1936}}</ref>

With the outbreak of war in 1939 Sykes offered his services to the British Government but he was not required, and so he stood for Parliament once more. After the death in May 1940 of [[Terence O'Connor]], the [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|Solicitor General]] and MP for [[Nottingham Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham Central]], Sykes was returned unopposed in [[1940 Nottingham Central by-election|the resulting by-election]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34903|page=4529|date=23 July 1940}}</ref> He sat as Nottingham Central MP until defeated at the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]].<ref name="air" />

==Personal life==
In 1920 Sykes married Isabel Harrington Law, the elder daughter of [[Bonar Law]], the Conservative Party leader who two years later became prime minister. Frederick and Isabel Sykes had one son, [[Bonar Hugh Charles Sykes|Bonar Sykes]].<ref name="odnb" />

Sykes bought the 18th-century [[Conock Manor]], near Devizes in Wiltshire, in 1945 and the associated Manor Farm in 1948.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author-last1=Baggs |author-first1=A. P. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol10/pp60-71 |title=A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 10 |author-last2=Crowley |author-first2=D. A. |author-last3=Pugh |author-first3=Ralph B. |author-last4=Stevenson |author-first4=Janet H. |author-last5=Tomlinson |author-first5=Margaret |date=1975 |publisher=University of London |editor-last=Crittall |editor-first=Elizabeth |series=[[Victoria County History]] |pages=60–71 |chapter=Parishes: Chirton |access-date=9 May 2022 |via=British History Online}}</ref> [[Robert Blake, Baron Blake|Lord Blake]], who knew Sykes personally, stayed at Conock while writing his biography of Bonar Law.<ref name="Ash_1995" />

Frederick Sykes died at Beaumont Street, London on 30 September 1954,<ref name="odnb" /> and was cremated at [[Golders Green Crematorium]].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 1954 |title=Funeral |page=1 |newspaper=The Times |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> [[Geoffrey de Havilland]] wrote to Isabel after the cremation: "I was deeply touched by your husband's wish that I should scatter the ashes over [[Salisbury Plain]]. I will, of course, do so... I always had admiration and affection for your husband and will always remember his kindness and help in the early days at [[Royal Aircraft Establishment#History|Farnborough]]."<ref name="Ash_1995" >{{cite thesis |last=Ash |first=Eric A. |title=Sir Frederick H. Sykes and the Air Revolution: 1912-1918 |type=D.Phil. dissertation |publisher=University of Calgary, Alberta |date=1995 |pages=1, 20 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA300896.pdf}}</ref> Isabel died in 1969.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Ash|first= Eric |year=1999|title=Sir Frederick Sykes and the air revolution, 1912–1918|publisher=Frank Cass| isbn= 0-7146-4828-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Boyle |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Boyle (journalist) |title=Trenchard Man of Vision |year=1962 |publisher=[[HarperCollins|Collins]] |location=St James's Place, London|asin=B0000CLC2N |ref=Boyle62}}
*{{cite book|last=Probert|first= Henry|title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force|publisher=HMSO|year= 1991|isbn= 0-11-772635-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Frederick|title=Many Angles: an autobiography|publisher=Harrap, London|year=1942|asin=B000ZFPGE0}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Frederick Sykes}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-frederick-sykes | Sir Frederick Sykes }}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=31178}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Frederick Hugh Sykes |sopt=t}}

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{{s-end}}

{{Chief of the Air Staff}}
{{RAF generals}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sykes, Frederick}}
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[[Category:People from Addiscombe]]
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[[Category:Graduates of the Command and Staff College Quetta]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]

Frederick Sykes - Revision history

MarcellaGunter0 at 00:25, 4 May 2026