BrigitteHosking at 18:15, 29 October 2024

2024-10-29T18:15:33Z

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The history of '''Free Software in India''' can be seen from three different perspectives - the growth of [[Free software|Free Software]] usage, the growth of [[Free software communities|Free Software communities]], the adoption of Free Software policies by the governments. India was quite late to the free software scene<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/8675|title=The What, Why and When of Free Software in India {{!}} Linux Journal|website=www.linuxjournal.com|accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref> with adoption and penetration growing towards the end of the 1990s<ref name=":0" /> with the formation of pockets of Free Software communities spread across the country. The communities were typically centered around educational institutions or free software supporting organizations.

Communities primarily revolved around support mailing lists. Some of the largest and earliest communities were those based out of Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ae.iitm.ac.in/mailman/listinfo/ilugc|title=ilugc Info Page|website=www.ae.iitm.ac.in|accessdate=2016-07-09|archive-date=2016-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707041010/http://www.ae.iitm.ac.in/mailman/listinfo/ilugc|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ILUG-Delhi|Delhi]], Kochi, Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mm.glug-bom.org/mailman/listinfo/linuxers|title=Linuxers Info Page|website=mm.glug-bom.org|accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref> Pune,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plug.org.in/|title=Home {{!}} The Pune GNU/Linux Users Group|website=www.plug.org.in|accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref> and Trivandrum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/ilug-tvm|title=Google Groups|website=groups.google.com|accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref> [[Free Software Foundation of India]], was formed in 2001 to promote the use and development of free software in India.

Some of the state governments, notably [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-state-departments-asked-to-switch-over-to-open-source-software/article5799039.ece|title=TN state departments asked to switch over to open source software|date=2014-03-18|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref> created policies on the use of Free Software in state level organizations and launched ambitions projects like [[IT@School Project|IT@School]], Elcot OpenSuse migration.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.itbusiness.ca/news/indias-largest-linux-rollout-forges-ahead-despite-tremendous-odds/953|title=India's largest Linux rollout forges ahead despite tremendous odds|date=16 January 2008 |accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref> The government of India rolled out a policy to adopt Open standards and promote open source and open technologies in 2015.

== Free software usage in India ==
Free Software was almost synonymous with Linux and associated software in the past. However, with the gaining popularity of Free Software applications like Firefox or operating systems like Android it has become quite difficult to quantify the user base for Free Software. If we look at the usage of Linux operating systems in desktop computers in India we can see that the market share has increased to 1.8%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gs.statcounter.com/#desktop-os-IN-monthly-200807-201607|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|website=gs.statcounter.com|accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref> in July 2016. A report of similar data<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://royal.pingdom.com/2011/05/12/the-top-20-strongholds-for-desktop-linux/|title=The top 20 strongholds for desktop Linux|date=2011-05-12|website=Pingdom Royal|accessdate=2016-07-09|archive-date=2018-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627104247/https://royal.pingdom.com/2011/05/12/the-top-20-strongholds-for-desktop-linux/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in 2011 had shown that India was one of the top 20 users of Linux desktops globally. According to the State of FOSS in India report, "India still lags behind the global landscape in building sustainable home-grown projects and needs a strategic plan to incubate and proliferate domestic FOSS innovations worldwide".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://state-of-foss.in/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=state-of-foss.in}}</ref>

== Free software communities / mailing lists in India ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Free Software Communities in India
!Name
!City
!State
!Founded
|-
|[[Bangalore Linux User Group]]
|Bangalore
|Karnataka
|1998
|-
|[[Free Software Users Group, Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Kerala
|2001
|-
|[[ILUG-Delhi|India Linux User Group Delhi]]
|New Delhi
|New Delhi
|1998
|}

== Government of India policy on Free software ==
In 2012, the [[government of India]] released 'National Information Technology Policy 2012',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deity.gov.in/content/national-information-technology-policy-2012|title=National Information Technology Policy 2012 {{!}} Government of India, Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY)|website=deity.gov.in|accessdate=2016-07-09|archive-date=2016-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529165445/http://deity.gov.in/content/national-information-technology-policy-2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> where one of the stated objectives was "to adopt Open standards and promote open source and open technologies". In continuation to this, the 'Policy on Adoption of Open Source Software for Government of India'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/indian-government-mandates-use-of-open-source-software/|title=Indian government mandates use of open source software|last=Yu|first=Eileen|website=ZDNet|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/india-announces-open-source-policy-big-win-for-foss/46738776|title=India announces open source policy; Big win for FOSS {{!}} ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2 April 2015 |accessdate=2016-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deity.gov.in/content/policy-adoption-open-source-software-government-india-0|title=Policy on Adoption of Open Source Software for Government of India {{!}} Government of India, Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY)|website=deity.gov.in|accessdate=2016-07-09|archive-date=2016-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404170306/http://deity.gov.in/content/policy-adoption-open-source-software-government-india-0|url-status=dead}}</ref> was released in 2014. This policy states that <blockquote>''Government of India shall endeavour to adopt Open Source Software in all e-Governance systems implemented by various Government organizations, as a preferred option in comparison to Closed Source Software (CSS). The Open Source Software shall have the following characteristics:''

''3.1 The source code shall be available for the community / adopter / end user to study and modify the software and to redistribute copies of either the original or modified software.''

''3.2 Source code shall be free from any royalty.''</blockquote>Although the policy only talks about open source software and not free software per se, the conditions requiring that the source be available for modifications and redistributions aligns with the licensing requirements of [[Free and open-source software|Free and Open Source Software]] and thereby is expected to give a big boost to the adoption of free and open-source software in the government organizations in India. The state governments in the different states of India are expected to come up with their own versions of this policy around open source adoption for implementation at the state government levels. An analysis of Open Source promotion policies in India have shown deficiencies in implementation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Apar |date=2022-06-25 |title=Analysis of FOSS Government Policies in India |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4146240 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=4146240 }}</ref>

=== Government of Kerala policy on Free Software ===

In 2007, [[government of Kerala]] released its ICT policy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/46696/IT%20Policy%202007|title=Government of Kerala, Information Technology Policy 2007|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-09|archive-date=2016-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223203233/http://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/46696/IT%20Policy%202007|url-status=dead}}</ref> where one of its objectives was to mandate appropriate use of Free Software in all ICT initiatives.<blockquote>''The Government realizes that Free Software presents a unique opportunity in building a truly egalitarian knowledge society. The Government will take all efforts to develop Free Software and Free Knowledge and shall encourage and mandate the appropriate use of Free Software in all ICT initiatives.''</blockquote>The state of Kerala has a rich [[Free software in Kerala|history of free software activism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://swatantryam.blogspot.in/2007/08/story-of-free-software-in-kerala-india.html|title=Free as in Freedom: The Story of Free Software in Kerala, India|website=swatantryam.blogspot.in|date=31 August 2007 |access-date=2016-07-18}}</ref> which had resulted in several internationally visible free software initiatives as well as the IT policy that is biased towards free software.

== Notable Free Software Initiatives / Projects in India ==

=== KITE in Kerala ===
In 2001, the [[Government of Kerala]] launched an initiative called [[KITE Kerala|KITE]] (previously known as IT@School Project) which aimed at creating a Free Software-based IT training program for students in public schools. A custom Linux distribution called the KITE GNU/Linux (previously known as IT@School GNU/Linux) was rolled out across 12000 public schools in the state as part of this program.

=== Oruma Project in KSEB in Kerala ===
In 2008, the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] moved their billing solution to the free software platform "[[ORUMA|Oruma]]" developed by its internal team<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/oruma-the-result-of-ksebs-concerted-efforts/article1216502.ece|title=ORUMA: the result of KSEB's concerted efforts|date=2008-03-09|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-18}}</ref> with the support of the [[Free software in Kerala|Free Software community in Kerala]]

=== BOSS Linux ===
[[Bharat Operating System Solutions|Bharat Operating System Solutions (BOSS)]] is a [[Linux distribution]] developed by the [[National Resource Centre for Free/Open Source Software]] (NRCFOSS) of India.

=== FOSS Initiatives under MeitY ===
*{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/content/major-foss-initiatives|title=Major FOSS Initiatives | Government of India, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)|publisher=meity.gov.in|accessdate=2021-11-22}}

=== ELCOT in Tamil Nadu migrating to OpenSUSE ===
In 2007, ELCOT, migrated 30,000 systems<ref name=":1" /> in government establishments and schools in Tamil Nadu to OpenSUSE.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
[[Free software in Kerala]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Free Software Movement of India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Software}}
[[Category:Free software movement]]
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:Software industry in India]]

Free software in India - Revision history

BrigitteHosking at 18:15, 29 October 2024