https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Fromo_KesaroFromo Kesaro - Revision history2026-07-31T00:25:51ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Fromo_Kesaro&diff=127014&oldid=prev>पाटलिपुत्र at 19:28, 2 April 20212021-04-02T19:28:12Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{short description|King of the Turk Shahis}}<br />
[[File:Phromo Kesaro. circa 738-745 CE.jpg|thumb|300px|Coin of Fromo Kesaro, circa 738-745 CE. Corrupted legend ''spwl'' in [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]], ''phromo kesaro zeoro bo(go) xodeo'' in [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] in the outer margin.]]<br />
{{Location map+<br />
|West Asia<br />
|float = right<br />
|width = 300<br />
|caption = Approximate location of the [[Turk Shahis]]<br />
|nodiv = 1<br />
|mini = 1<br />
|relief=yes<br />
|places =<br />
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=40|N |long=65|E |label=<div talign=center>[[Yabghus of Tokharistan|TOKHARISTAN]]<br>[[Yabghus of Tokharistan|YABGHUS]]</div>|position=bottom |label_size=50|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=37.5|N |long=70.5|E |label=<div talign=center>'''TURK<br>SHAHIS'''</div>|position=bottom |label_size=60|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=35|N |long=55|E |label=[[Abbasid Caliphate|ABBASID]]<br>[[Abbasid Caliphate|CALIPHATE]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=45|N |long=65|E |label=[[Western Turks|WESTERN TURKS]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=22|N |long=74|E |label=[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=31|N |long=73|E |label=[[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|<div talign=center>GUJARA-<br>PRATIHARA</div>]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
}} <br />
[[File:Gesar Gruschke.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Fromo Kesaro in a mural depicting the Tibetan [[Epic of King Gesar]]]]<br />
'''Fromo Kesaro''', also '''Phromo Kesaro''' (phonetically "Roman Caesar") was a king of the [[Turk Shahis]] (also known as the Kabul Shahis), a dynasty of [[Western Turk]] or mixed Western Turk-[[Hephthalite]] origin, who ruled from [[Kabul]] and [[Kapisa (city)|Kapisa]] to [[Gandhara]] in the 7th to 9th centuries.<ref name="HJK58">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |title=The Huns |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34090-4 |pages=58–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 |language=en}}</ref> In Chinese sources "Fromo Kesaro" was transcribed ''"Fulin Jisuo"'' (拂菻罽娑), "[[Daqin|Fulin]]" (拂菻) being the standard [[Tang Dynasty]] name for "[[Byzantine Empire]]".<ref name="AR37">{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Abdur |last2=Bopearachchi (Ed.) |first2=Osmund |last3=Boussac (Ed.) |first3=Marie-Françoise |title=Afghanistan. Ancien Carrefour entre l’Est et l’Ouest (New Light on Khingal, Turk and Hindu Shahis)|date=2002 |volume=XV |publisher=Brepols |location=Turnhout, Belgium |pages=37–41 |isbn=2-503-51681-5 |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fromo Kesaro">{{cite journal |last1=Piras |first1=Andrea |title=FROMO KESARO. Echi del prestigio di Bisanzio in Asia Centrale, in Polidoro. Studi offerti ad Antonio Carile, a cura di G. Vespignani (Centro italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo), Spoleto 2013, pp. 671-690. |page=681 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5340750/FROMO_KESARO_Echi_del_prestigio_di_Bisanzio_in_Asia_Centrale_in_Polidoro_Studi_offerti_ad_Antonio_Carile_a_cura_di_G_Vespignani_Centro_italiano_di_Studi_sull_Alto_Medioevo_Spoleto_2013_pp_671_690 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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[[Kabulistan]] was the heartland of the Turk Shahi domain, which at times included [[Zabulistan]]<ref name="Turk Shahi">{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en |title=15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |date= |author= |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna|access-date= July 22, 2017}}</ref> and [[Gandhara]].<br />
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During their rule, the Turk Shahi were in constant conflict against the eastward expansion of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]].<ref name="HJK58"/> Circa 650 CE, the Arabs attacked Shahi territory from the west, and captured [[Kabul]].<ref name="HJK58"/> But the Turk Shahi were able to mount a counter-offensive and repulsed the Arabs, taking back the areas of Kabul and [[Zabulistan]] (around [[Ghazni]]), as well as the region of [[Arachosia]] as far as [[Kandahar]].<ref name="HJK58"/> The Arabs again failed to capture Kabul and Zabulistan in 697-698 CE, and their general [[Yazid ibn Ziyad]] was killed in the action.<ref name="HJK58"/><br />
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From 719 CE, [[Tegin Shah]] was the king of the Turk Shahis. He then abdicated in 739 CE in favour of his son Fromo Kesaro, probable phonetic transcription of "Caesar of Rome" in honor of "Caesar", the title of the then [[Byzantine Empire|East Roman]] Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian]] who had defeated their common enemy the Arabs in 717 CE, and sent an embassy through Central Asia in 719 CE.<ref name="HJK58"/>{{efn|{{harvnb|Martin|2011|p=127}}:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."}} The Chinese annals record that "In the first month of the seventh year of the period [[List of Chinese era names|Kaiyuan]] [719 CE] their Lord [拂菻王, "the King of [[Byzantine Empire|Fulin]]"] sent the Ta-shou-ling [an officer of high rank] of T'u-huo-lo [吐火羅, Tokhara] (...) to offer lions and ling-yang [antelopes], two of each. A few months after, he further sent Ta-te-seng ["priests of great virtue"] to our court with tribute."<ref>[[Old Book of Tang]] (舊唐書 ''Jiu Tangshu''), ch. 198 (written mid-10th Century C.E.), for 618-906 C.E: "[http://chinesenotes.com/jiutangshu/jiutangshu210.html 開元七年正月，其主遣吐火羅大首領獻獅子、羚羊各二。不數月，又遣大德僧來朝貢]" quoted in English translation in {{cite book |last1=Hirth |first1=F. |title=China and the Roman Orient: Researches into their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records |date=1885 |location=Shanghai & Hong Kong |url=https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/romchin1.html}}</ref><br />
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Fromo Kesaro appears to have fought vigorously against the Arabs, and his victories may have forged the Tibetan epic legend of [[Epic of King Gesar|King Phrom Ge-sar]].<ref name="HJK58"/><br />
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The Turk Shahis eventually weakened against the Arabs in the late 9th century CE.<ref name="HJK58"/> [[Kandahar]], [[Kabul]] and [[Zabul]] were lost to the Arabs, while in [[Gandhara]] the [[Hindu Shahi]] took over. The last Shahi ruler of Kabul, Lagaturman, was deposed by a [[Brahmin]] minister, possibly named Vakkadeva,<ref>D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara" ''Numismatic Chronicle'', Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189-224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan, ''AFGHANISTAN REVISITED'' … Appendix –B, pp. 164-68</ref><ref>Raizada Harichand Vaid, ''Gulshane Mohyali'', II, pp. 83 and 183-84.</ref><ref>[[H. G. Raverty]], Tr. ''Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'' of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82</ref> in c. 850, signaling the end of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, and the beginning of the [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasty of Kabul.<ref name="Zabul">{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase16?language=en |title=16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab conquest |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |date= |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna|author= |access-date= July 22, 2017}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
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==Notes==<br />
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==Sources==<br />
*{{Cite book| chapter = Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet<br />
| last = Martin | first = Dan | year = 2011<br />
| title = Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes<br />
| editor1-last = Akasoy | editor1-first = Anna<br />
| editor2-last = Burnett | editor2-first = Charles<br />
| editor3-last = Yoeli-Tlalim | editor3-first = Ronit<br />
| publisher = Ashgate Publishing | location = Farnham, Surrey<br />
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA117&dq<br />
| pages = 117–144<br />
| isbn = 978-0-7546-6956-2<br />
}}<br />
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{{Afghanistan topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Kabul Shahi]]<br />
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{{Afghanistan-hist-stub}}</div>>पाटलिपुत्र