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'''Gana-Sangha'''<ref name=Thapar/> ([[Sanskrit]]: गणसङ्घ) or '''Gana-Rajya'''<ref>{{citation |last=Majumdar |first=Asoke Kumar |title=Concise History of Ancient India: Political theory, administration and economic life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnVDAAAAYAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |page=140}}</ref> (Sanskrit: गणराज्य) was a type of [[clan]] structure [[oligarchy]] in [[Mahajanapadas|ancient India]].<ref>Witzel, Michael (1997): [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf 'The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu (Materials on Vedic Śåkhås, 8)'] in Witzel, Michael (ed.) ''Inside the texts, Beyond the Texts'', Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, p. 313</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Anchor|Definition}}[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|250px|thumb|The [[Mahajanapadas]] were the sixteen most powerful states in [[Ancient India]]. Among the Mahajanapadas and other smaller states around them, some of the states followed a republican form of government]]

The word {{IAST|gaṇa}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|ʌ|n|ə}}; [[Sanskrit]]: गण) in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] means group of community. It can also be used to refer to a body of attendants and can refer to any assemblage or association of men formed for the attainment of the same aims, denotes the gathering of a given community. The word ''[[sangha]]''<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/sangha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705003531/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sangha |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |title=sangha |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> in Sanskrit means association, assembly, company or community. For instance, in [[Buddhism]], ''sangha'' refers to the [[Buddhist monasticism|monastic community]] of [[bhikkhu]]s (monks) and [[bhikkhuni]]s (nuns).

The phrase ''gana sangha'' can be translated as (rule by) tribal assembly. In ancient [[Buddhist texts]] like the ''[[Anguttara Nikaya]]''<ref>Anguttara Nikaya I. p 213; IV. pp 252, 256, 261</ref> which make frequent reference to [[Mahajanapadas|the great states in ancient India]], the texts often use the phrase to refer a type of oligarchical rule, contrast to monarchy (साम्राज्य ''saamarajya'' in Sanskrit).

Among the [[Mahajanapadas]], the sixteen great states in ancient India, two followed the ''gana sangha'' rule: [[Vajjika League|Vajji]] and [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s. Many smaller states and tribes near these great states also had the ''gana sangha'' form of government, such as the [[Koliya]]s, and the [[Shakya]]s, the small tribal state which [[Gautama Buddha]] was born to.<ref>Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). The History of India. Rosen Education Service. p. 64. {{ISBN|978-1615301225}}</ref>

The ''gana sanghas'' were generally located in the periphery of the major ancient Indian states, both geographically and culturally, and tend to occupy the higher ground near the [[Himalayas]].<ref name=Thapar>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA147 |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|last=Thapar|first=Romila|year=2002|publisher=University of California|pages=146–150|access-date=28 October 2013|isbn=9780520242258}}</ref> The ''gana sanghas'' of Vajji, Malla, Koliya, and Shakya mentioned above all situated at the foothills of Himalayas, near eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Terai]] region of [[Nepal]]. In contrast, the states which followed a monarchical government (''saamarajya'') were generally located in the flood plains of the [[Ganges]].

==Institution==
According to the Buddhist sources, key characteristics of the ''gana sangha'' seem to include a monarch (''[[raja]]''), and a deliberative assembly (''sangha''). Elected by the ''gana sangha'', the monarch apparently always belonged to a family of the noble class of ''[[Kshatriya]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]''. The monarch coordinated his activities with the assembly; in some states, he did so with a council of other nobles.<ref>Robinson, 1997, p. 22</ref> The assembly met regularly, and would discuss all major state decisions. This body also had full financial, administrative, and judicial authority. Other officers, who rarely receive any mention, obeyed the decisions of the assembly.

The general make-up of the ''gana sanghas'' was either that of a single clan (e.g. [[Shakya]]), or a confederacy of clans (e.g. Vajji). Most of the ''gana sanghas'' are aristocratic in nature: For instance, the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavis]], the ruling clan of Vajji, had a primary governing body of 7,077 rajas, the heads of the most important families. On the other hand, the smaller state of Shakyas and Koliyas, during the period around [[Gautama Buddha]], had the assembly open to all men, rich and poor.<ref>Robinson, 1997, p. 23</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sharma (1968)|title=Republics in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=93–|id=GGKEY:HYY6LT5CFT0}}</ref>

==Historical records==
The ''gana sanghas'' in India it is generally believed existed as early as the 6th century BC, and persisted in some areas until the 4th century. The ancient Buddhist texts provide many accounts of the various ancient Indian states at the time of the [[Buddha]], including their forms of governments and political workings. Among the larger [[Mahajanapadas]], [[Malla (tribe)|Mallas]], centered in the city of [[Kusinagara]], and the Vajji (or Vṛji) confederation, centered in the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], existed as early as the 6th century BC, and both of their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.<ref>Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.107</ref> Even in the other kingdoms of the [[Mahajanapadas]], their monarchical rule would also include republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara, The villages at this era also had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas.

The ''[[Arthashastra]]'', an ancient Indian handbook for monarchs on how to rule efficiently, sometimes referred to as "''[[The Prince (book)|The Prince]]'' of Ancient India", also contains a chapter on how to deal with the ''sanghas'' (assemblies), which includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders. Yet the chapter does not mention how to influence the mass of the citizens, indicating that the ''gana sangha'' is more of an aristocratic or oligarchical body, rather than democracy in a modern or even [[Athenian]] sense.<ref>Trautmann T. R., ''Kautilya and the Arthashastra'', Leiden 1971</ref>

Outside Indian sources, [[Diodorus]], a Greek historian who wrote two centuries after the time of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of India (now Pakistan and northwest India) mentions, without offering any detail, that independent and democratic states existed in India.<ref>Diodorus 2.39</ref> Modern scholars note the word ''democracy'' at the time of the 3rd century BC and later suffered from degradation and could mean any autonomous state, no matter how oligarchic in nature.<ref>Larsen, 1973, pp. 45–46</ref><ref>de Sainte, 2006, pp. 321–3</ref>

Scholars differ over how best to describe the ''gana sangha'' governments, and the vague, sporadic quality of the evidence allows for wide disagreements. Some emphasize the central role of the assemblies and thus tout them as democracies; other scholars focus on the upper-class domination of the leadership and possible control of the assembly and see an [[oligarchy]] or an [[aristocracy]].<ref name="Bongard">Bongard-Levin, 1996, pp. 61–106</ref><ref name="Sharma">Sharma 1968, pp. 109–22</ref>

Another issue is the persistence of the [[Varna (Hinduism)|four-tiered Varna class system]].<ref name="Bongard"/> The duties and privileges on the members of each particular caste - rigid enough to prohibit someone sharing a meal with those of another order - might have affected the roles members were expected to play in the state, regardless of the formality of the institutions. The absence of any concrete notion of citizen equality across these varna system boundaries leads many scholars to claim that the true nature of ''gana sanghas'' is not comparable to truly democratic institutions.<ref name="Sharma"/> According to [[Romila Thapar|Thapar]], there were only two classes in gana-sanghas, the ''kshatriya rajakula'' and the ''dasa-karmakara''. The Kshatriyas of gana-sanghas did not follow the [[historical Vedic religion]], which lead one [[Brahmin]]-authored source to call them degenerate Kshatriyas or [[Shudra|Shudras]]. The ''dasa-karmakara'' composed of domestic slaves and hired labourers who worked the land.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=0-520-24225-4|pages=148–149}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Janapada]]
* [[Mahajanapada]]
* [[Magadha-Vajji war]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Monarchy in ancient India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |last=Gadkari |first=Jayant |title=Society and Religion: From Rugveda to Puranas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zst_7qaatp8C&pg=PA100 |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-743-2 |pages=100–}}
* {{citation |last=Handa |first=O. C. |title=Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-161-0|pages=63–64}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gana Sangha}}
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Local government in India]]
[[Category:Oligarchy]]
[[Category:Republic]]

Gaṇasaṅgha - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 19:04, 5 September 2023