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{{Short description|5th century ancient inscriptions in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = 408 CE Gadhwa stone inscription, Sanskrit, Hinduism, Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta.jpg
|name = Gadhwa Stone Inscriptions
|image_caption = Gadhwa inscription of [[Chandragupta II]] (left) and of [[Kumaragupta]]
|material = Stone
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2262|N|81.5860|E|display=inline,title}}
|size =
|writing = Sanskrit, Gupta script
|created = various: 408 CE - 418 CE
|period = Gupta Empire era
|place =
|discovered = [[Garhwa Fort]] near Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
|discovered_coords =
|location = Kolkata Museum ([[Indian Museum]]), West Bengal
| map =
{{Location map
| India
| float = center
| relief = yes
| label = Gadhwa fort ([[Garhwa Fort]])
| coordinates = {{coord|25.226166|N|81.585960|E}}
}}
|id =
|registration =
}}

__NOTOC__
The '''Gadhwa Stone Inscriptions''', or '''Garhwa Stone Inscriptions''', are early 5th-century CE Sanskrit inscriptions discovered at [[Garhwa Fort]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] relating to a series of charitable donations to various ''sattra'' (almshouses) by [[Gupta Empire]] rulers [[Chandragupta II]] and [[Kumaragupta I]].{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=36-41}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Rakhal Das Banerji|title=The Age of the Imperial Guptas|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126573| year=1933|publisher= Benares Hindu University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126573/page/n115 103]–106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Radhakumud Mookerji|title=The Gupta Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-6kXR9JqMwC&pg=PA50 |year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=50–51}}</ref> The inscription is notable for including symbols for numerals "8, 10, 80 and 90" in the 5th-century, as well as mentioning the ancient city of [[Pataliputra]] (modern [[Patna]]).{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|p=37}}

==Description==
[[File:Garhwa fort temple.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Temple in Gadhwa fort.]]
The inscribed stones were discovered in 1872 by R.S. Prasad on blocks inside a room of a new house built from demolished and recut stone. The house was located in Gadhwa Fort, also referred to as the Garhwa Fort, in Allahabad district.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=36-39}} Prasad brought these to the attention of the archaeologist Alexander Cunningham, who visited them, and after cleaning the lime was able to obtain prints. The first of these were published in 1873, while the last was published in 1890 after Cunningham carefully removed all the remaining lime and cleaned the surface to find additional inscriptions.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=36-41}} The origin of the stones is unknown. The recutting and the prior history of the pillar blocks had badly damaged most of the inscription, but preserved enough under a coat of lime.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=36-39}}

The original block was inscribed on its various faces. The structure it belonged to was demolished then likely cut into pieces, thereafter smoothened. The recovered stone has on one face only traces of 11 lines each with about 13 characters. These are too damaged to be read reliably, but the size and pattern of characters match the other faces. The back face was likely hammered and broken into two, leaving a rough edge with no text. The breaking has damaged about the last half of the all lines on the left face, and the first half of all lines on the right face. The damage extends to the top, where some number of lines have been lost.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=36-41}}

The discovered inscription is in Sanskrit in prose.{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|p=37}}

The upper part of the inscription on the Gadhwa stone fragment 1 is dated to 408 CE. It states that Chandragupta II the "worshipper of the divine one" is establishing a perpetual ''sattra'' (almshouse, charitable feeding houses) with a gift of "ten dindras". The next section is dated to 418 CE, and it states that Kumaragupta, the "worshipper of the divine one" is establishing another perpetual ''sattra'' with two gifts of "ten dindras and (...)". The third decipherable section is a third grant, also by Kumaragupta which establishes another perpetual ''sattra'' with a gift of "twelve dindras".{{sfn|DR Bhandarkar| BC Chhabra| GS Gai|1981|pp=36-41}}<ref name="Singh2008p510">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA510 |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|pages=510–511}}</ref>

==Significance==
The Gadhwa stone inscription is significant in establishing a tradition of charitable giving by Indian kings and the existence of the institution of ''[[sattra]]'' in early 5th-century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ashvini Agrawal|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC |year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Radhakumud Mookerji|authorlink=Radha Kumud Mukherjee|title=The Gupta Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA77 |year=1959|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0440-1|page=77}}</ref> It also confirms that Kumaragupta succeeded as the monarch of the Gupta Empire after Chandragupta II.<ref>{{cite book|author=Radha Kumud Mookerji|authorlink=Radha Kumud Mukherjee|title=The Fundamental Unity of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0x5pkIfsV4C |year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-8028-005-4|pages=124–125}}</ref>

According to the archaeologist [[Michael D. Willis|Michael Willis]], the tradition of charitable feeding houses for Brahmins and the needy can be traced to the mid-2nd century CE in an Kushana era inscription.<ref name="Willis2014p104"/> The Garhwa inscriptions, states Willis, when combined with the Bilsad and Podagarh inscriptions suggests that ''sattra'' were attached to Hindu temples and these were charity-based community kitchens that fed the "Brahmins, wandering ascetics (sadhus) and the destitute".<ref name="Willis2014p104"/> This endowment-driven activity was deemed to be an aspect of Hindu ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]''.<ref name="Willis2014p104">{{cite book|author=Michael Willis|title=The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShzJoQEACAAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-46016-4|pages=104–105}}</ref> Willis adds that the damaged Gadhwa inscriptions leaves it unclear whether the ''sattra'' was "for the benefit of brahmins" or was "established and run by the Brahmins" financed by the king's endowment.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Willis|title=The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShzJoQEACAAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-46016-4|page=289 note 116}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book| author1=DR Bhandarkar|author2= BC Chhabra|author3= GS Gai| year=1981|title= Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings by JF Fleet | publisher= Archaeological Survey of India |oclc= 606389410}}
*{{cite book|author=Dineschandra Sircar|title=Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Volume 1, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1hmAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc= 785763290}}

==External links==
*[http://www.siddham.uk/object/ob00010 Gadhwa Stone Inscriptions: Pillar Fragment 1, Donations 1–3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420091518/http://www.siddham.uk/object/ob00010 |date=20 April 2021 }}, Siddham, United Kingdom
*[http://siddham.uk/object/ob00053 Gadhwa Stone Inscriptions: Pillar Fragment 2, Donations 4–9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420093020/http://siddham.uk/object/ob00053 |date=20 April 2021 }}, Siddham, United Kingdom

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:5th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:History of Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Gupta Empire]]

Gadhwa Stone Inscriptions - Revision history

Hearthospital at 14:07, 19 February 2025