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{{Short description|Medieval Indian empire (1434–1541)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = 
| conventional_long_name = Gajapati Empire
| common_name = Gajapatis
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| status = Empire
| event_start =
| year_start = 1434
| event1 = [[Battle of Devarakonda]]
| date_event1 = 1458
| event2 = [[Gajapati invasion of Bidar]]
| date_event2 = 1461
| event_end =
| year_end = 1541
| p1 = Eastern Ganga dynasty
| s1 = Bhoi dynasty
| s2 = Golconda Sultanate
| s3 = Bengal Sultanate
| today = [[India]]
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Map of Gajapatis (1).png
| image_map_alt = Map of Gajapatis (1).png
| image_map_caption = Greatest extent of the Gajapati Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=148, map XIV.4 (c) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| map_width =
| capital = [[Cuttack|Kataka]]
| common_languages = {{plainlist|
*[[Odia language|Odia]] (court language, literature)<ref>{{cite book |last=Tripathī |first=Kunjabihari |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |publisher=Utkal University |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |page=19 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mansinha |first=Mayadhar |title=History of Oriya Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ&q=mayadhar%20mansingh%20history%20of%20odia%20literature |page=50 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref>
*[[Sanskrit]] (religious)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Feb-Mar/engpdf/55-59.pdf | title=Classicism of Odia Language | work=Orissa Review | first=G. K. | last=Srichandan | page=54 | date=February–March 2011 | access-date=28 June 2019 | archive-date=11 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054116/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Feb-Mar/engpdf/55-59.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Languages of South Asia|Other Indian languages]]}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]] [[Vaishnavism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| area_km2 =
| leader1 = [[Kapilendra Deva]]
| year_leader1 = 1434–67
| leader2 = [[Purushottama Deva]]
| year_leader2 = 1467–97
| leader3 = [[Hamvira Deva]]
| year_leader3 = 1472–76
| leader4 = [[Prataprudra Deva]]
| year_leader4 = 1497–1540
| leader5 = Kalua Deva
| year_leader6 = 1541
| leader6 = Kakharua Deva
| year_leader5 = 1540–1541
| title_leader = [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]]
}}
The '''Gajapati Empire'''<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Mishra |first=Patit Paban |title=Eastern Ganga and Gajapati empires |date=2016 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Empire |pages=1–4 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402 |access-date=2025-02-21 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref> was a [[Medieval India|medieval]] powerful [[Hindu]] monarchy in the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] subcontinent, originally from the region of [[Odisha]] that reigned from c.1434 to 1541. At its peak, it ruled parts of modern-day [[West Bengal]] to [[Tiruchirappalli]] (modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=R.C.Majumdar, A.D.Pusalker, A.K.Majumdar |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/366/mode/2up |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People, The Delhi Sultanate, Volume:-6 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1967 |pages=366}}</ref>
It succeeded the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] as the [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] monarchs and was founded by [[Kapilendra Deva]] of [[Suryavamsa]] lineage after the death of the last ruler of [[Eastern Ganga]] king Bhanu Deva IV. Gajapatis were great patrons of art, architecture and literature which during their time flourished and witnessed tremendous growth, they ruled over a vast stretch of land and had continuous rivalry with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=":4" /> Their capital was [[Cuttack|Kataka]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=bhuyan |first=annapurna |date=1999 |title=Kapilendra Deva and his times |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/227677/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=30 June 2021 |website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |publisher=Utkal University |pages=31}}</ref>

The '''Gajapati kings''' patronized [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite Hinduism]] and were ardent devotees of the [[Vishnu|God Vishnu]]. They also commissioned many temples dedicated to the [[Vishnu|God Vishnu]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book|title=Life in Medieval Northern Andhra: Based on the Inscriptions from the Temples of Mukhalingam, Srikurmam, and Simhachalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdq1AAAAIAAJ|page=81|author=B. Hemalatha|year=1991|publisher=Navrang Publishing|isbn = 9788170130864|quote=The study of Gajapati temples reveals that they patronized Vaishnavism . Purushottama Gajapati called himself Parama - Vaishnava in an undated inscription found at Draksharama.}}</ref> They established the Jagannath cult over kalinga.
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

== Etymology ==
In [[Odia language|Odia]], "Gaja" means elephant and "Pati" means ''master'' or ''husband''. As such, [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] etymologically means ''a king with an army of elephants'' or ''master of elephants''. Gajapati was one of the four titles adopted by kings who ruled in pre-colonial era India, the others being Narapati (e.g. [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara emperors]]), Aswapati (e.g. the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani sultans]]), and [[Chhatrapati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bal |first1=Ashok Kumar |title=Gajapati: a king without a kingdom |last2=Singh |first2=Karan |date=2022 |publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-949286-2-1 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

[[File:Konark Sun Temple - IRCTC 2017 (11).jpg|thumb|centre|350px|[[Narasingha Deva I]] was the first king of Kalinga to use the title of [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] (''Lord of the elephants'') which would become the imperial title of the ruling monarchs of Trikalinga and its later manifestation as the region of Odradesha. The title was first used in the 1246 CE inscription at [[Kapilash Temple]].]]

==History==
The region known as Kalinga (present-day Odisha) was ruled by the [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty|Eastern Gangas]].The early Eastern Gangas ruled from Kalinga-nagara (currently Mukhalingam near [[Srikakulam]], Andhra Pradesh). They shifted their capital to Cuttack in the 13th century. The Hindu philosopher [[Ramanujacharya]] had a great influence on the Raja Choda Ganga Deva, who renovated the temple at [[Puri]]. [[Narasingha Deva I]] built the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple]] at [[Konark]] and [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam]] at [[Visakhapatnam]]. The Gangas were succeeded by the Gajapati monarchs. Two copper plates of the early Pallava dynasty have been found in the Kolleru Lake, traced to Gajapati Langula Narasimha Deva, an Oriya ruler (Odia Raja). According to legend, the Gajapati fort was located at Kolleti Kota on one of the eastern islands of the lake, which protected the [[Odia people|Odia]] forces. The enemy general encamped at Chiguru Kota located on the shores and tried to excavate a channel in the modern-day Upputeru, so that the water of the lake would empty into the sea and allow an attack on the Gajapati fort.<ref name=":2" />

The Gajapatis at the height of their power in the 15th century, ruled over an empire extending from the [[Ganges]] in the north near [[Hooghly district|Hoogly]] to the [[Kaveri]] in the south under Emperor [[Kapilendra Deva]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |date=1960 |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/364/mode/2up |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People Volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=365|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> But by the early 16th century, the Gajapatis lost great portions of their southern dominion to the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Qutb Shahi Dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]].<ref name="Sastri 1976 p.">{{cite book | last=Sastri | first=K.A.N. | title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford India paperbacks | year=1976 | isbn=978-0-19-560686-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2021-09-24 | page=255}}</ref>

This period was marked by the influence of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and by the expansion of [[Jagannath temple]] across the length and breadth of the empire. One of the causes of the reduction in militarism among the population has been attested to the Bhakti movement initiated by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, who arrived in the empire during the reign of [[Prataparudra Deva|Emperor Prataparudra]] and stayed for 18 long years at [[Puri]].<ref name=":1">{{citation |title=Kshatriyaization and social change: A Study in Orissa setting |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630303.pdf |author=Hermann Kulke |page=402 |quote="Suryavamsa...kings of the Suryavamsa(1435-1540)" |date=1976 |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203426/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630303.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Emperor Prataparudra was highly influenced by the works of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and gave up the military tradition of the Kalinga emperors.<ref name="Das 1989 p.">{{cite book | last=Das | first=H.C. | title=Sri Chaitanya in the Religious Life of India | publisher=Punthi Pustak | year=1989 | isbn=978-81-85094-22-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLMcAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2021-09-24 | page=145}}</ref> He retired to the life of an ascetic leaving the future of the empire uncertain. [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] took the opportunity to assassinate the sons of the emperor and usurped the throne for himself.<ref name="Sastri 1976 p." />

==Gajapati military==
[[File:Gajapati Empire of Kapliendra Deva Routaray.jpg|thumb|Extent of Odisha under Kapilendra Deva{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|pp=56-58}}]]
The records of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis gives a picture of their military administration which they had inherited from the Eastern Gangas rulers. The Gangas had a vast and well-organised military which was improved upon by [[Kapilendra Deva]]. The empire was built on the lines of a military state, with the protection of the state and its expansion being the responsibilities of the state and population. Militarism had penetrated into different ranks of the society and the Emperor had a large standing army which included a large number of soldiers and local-militants in the standing army. Besides the feudal tributary states of the Gajapatis also provided a stipulated number of soldiers at the time of war and had to fight for the Gajapati in the battle field.<ref name="military" >{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191019/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|title=MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

===Military titles===
Some of the military titles include:<ref name="military1" />

*Senapati, Champati, Routray, Sundaray, Paikaray (commander of the cavalry), Sahani (commander of elephant force), Dandapata, Dandasena, Paschimakavata, Uttarakavata (guardian of the marches), Samantray, Bidyadhara, Bhramarabara, Harichandana, Jagadeva, Mardaraja, Samantasimhara, Raya, Singha, Mansingha, Baliarsingha, Pahadasingha, Nayaka, Pattanayaka, Dandanayaka, Gadanayaka, Patra, Mohapatra, Behera, Dalabehera, Jena, Badajena, Pradhana, Samala, Routa, Khuntia, Parichha, Parija, Padhihari, Padhy, Dandapani

===Gajapati military divisions===
The Odia poet [[Sarala Das]] who lived during the reign of [[Kapilendra Deva]], has given descriptions about the military divisions in his Odia Mahabharata.<ref name="military1" >{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191019/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|title=MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=153, 154|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> The divisions mentioned are:

* '''Hantakaru Dala''': The first division of the army. It was in the forefront of the marching army and was responsible forward scouting, clearing jungles and marking roads for the army. It was equivalent to the engineering division of the modern armies of the world.
* '''Aguani Thata''': The advance units or the first in line to march or charge in the battle formations. The division marched ahead of the main army.
** ''Dhenkiya'': The attack groups
** ''Banua/Dhanuki'': The archers
** ''Cavalry''
* '''Pradhana Vala''': The main division of the army with maximum concentration of the soldiers.
** ''Dhenkiya'': Warriors wielding Sword and Shield. Forming the frontline of battalion.
** ''Banua'': Marksmen with poisoned arrow and composite bows with formidably accurate shots.
** ''Phadikara'': The fighters bearing mostly close combat weapons. They wore leather armor.
** ''Cavalry''
** ''Elephant Corps''
** ''Itakara'': Mainly used for motivating the army with war time music and dance with Ghumura. Carried with them various musical instruments and reported to the officer with the rank of Bahubalendra, in charge of non-combatants.
* '''Pachhiani Thata''': The fourth and the rear division guarding the flanks.
* '''Angavala''': The groups with the main bodyguards of the monarchs, other royalties, commander, military generals and officers.
* '''Paridhana''': The detachments with commanding officers and fort duty officers left in charge of the captured territory and forts. The rank of the officer involved in this division is Nayak or Gadanayak.
** ''Dhenkiya''
** ''Banua''
** ''Phadikara''
** ''Prahari'': The guards on duty and also serve as military police at home.

===Gajapati Infantry units===
The infantry units of the Gajapati military are as follows:<ref name="military1" />

* '''Dala''': Band of 27 [[Paika (community)|Paika]]s, mostly from the same locality and commanded by an officer with the rank of Dalabehera.
* '''Bhuiyan''': A platoon of 70 Paikas and commanded by an officer with the rank of Paikaray.
* '''Vahini''': A brigade consisting of multiple Bhuiyan platoons and commanded by an officer with the rank of Vahinipati.
* '''Chamu''': An entire regiment of the army consisting multiple Vahinis and commanded by an officer with the rank of Chamupati or Champati.

===Military instruments and weapons===
Musical instruments used to motivate soldiers during march and warfare. The names of musical instruments include ''Damalu, Damame, Tamaka, Bizighosa, Daundi, Ghumura, Bheri, Turi, Ranasingha'' etc. The names of weapons used by the Gajapati army are also mentioned like ''Dhanu, Trona, Sara, Asi, Parigha, Pattisa, Kunta, Jathi, Buruja, Saveli'' etc. Information with regards to breaking of gateways and walls of forts with the help of horses, elephants and iron instruments are also found in the same text.<ref name="military1" />

===Contemporary sources===
[[File:Udayagiri Fort (40).jpg|thumb|Udaygiri fort built during Kapilendradeva Reign.]]
Other contemporary sources also reveal details on characteristics of the Gajapati military. Muslim texts like ''Buhan-m-Mansir'' give accounts of the [[Kapilendra Deva|Emperor Kapilendra Deva]] having an [[elephantry]] numbering two hundred thousand. Such a large number of [[war elephants]] is highly unusual even when compared with any contemporary military of the existing kingdoms during the times of Kapilendra Deva himself, in India.<ref name="military" /> Nizzamuddin writes that the Gajapati encamped on the banks of the river [[Godavari]] with an infantry of seven hundred thousand. [[Fernão Nunes]], the Portuguese-Jewish traveler who spent three years at [[Vijayanagara]], the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] estimates size of the army of [[Prataparudra Deva|Emperor Prataparudra]] to the extent of 13,000 elephants, 20,000 horses, while fighting against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and also notes that the Odia soldiers were excellent fighters. ''Rayavachakamu'' also gives interesting accounts about the feats and exercises practised by the Gajapati soldiers at their capital Cuttack.<ref name="military2" >{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191019/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|title=MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=155|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Gajapati rulers<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=121–122}}</ref>
!Image
!Ruler
!Reign (CE)
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Gajapati Kapilendradeva.jpg|100px]]
|[[Kapilendra Deva]]
|1434–1467
|Founder and first ruler of dynasty
|-
|[[File:Purushottam Deva Return from Kanchi Expedition.jpg|100px]]
|[[Purushottama Deva]]
|1467–1497
|Second ruler of dynasty
|-
|[[File:Gajapati Prataprudra Deva.png|100px]]
|[[Prataparudra Deva]]
|1497–1540
|Third ruler of dynasty
|-
|
|Kalua Deva
|1540–1541
|Fourth ruler of dynasty
|-
|
|Kakharua Deva
|1541
|Fifth and last ruler of dynasty
|-
|}

== Family Tree ==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Suryavamsa dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Kapilendra Deva]]''' (1) r. {{circa}} 1434–1467|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
}}

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | |A02| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Purushottama Deva]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 1467–1497|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
|A02='''[[Hamvira Deva]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 1472–1476
}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | |A02| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Prataprudra Deva]]''' (3) r. {{circa}} 1497–1540|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
|A02='''Kumara Kapileshwara Mahapatra''' (3)
}}

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''Kalua Deva''' (3) r. {{circa}} 1540–1541|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''Khakharua Deva''' (3) r. {{circa}} 1541|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== Culture ==
The Gajapatis are devout worshipper of [[Vishnu|Lord vishnu]] patronized [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite Hinduism]] and expanded the [[Jagannath temple]] at [[Puri]]. The Jagannath temple became the center for an efflorescence of drama and dance ([[Odissi]]) and other forms of art during Gajapati rule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanskrit Poets and Scholars of Orissa |url=http://www.indiadivine.org/articles/232-sanskrit-poets-scholars-orissa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804040129/http://www.indiadivine.org/articles/232-sanskrit-poets-scholars-orissa.html |archive-date=2012-08-04 |access-date=2011-03-21}}</ref> During the rule of Kapilendra Deva construction of the [[Shaivite|Shaivite Hindu]] [[Kapilesvara Siva Temple|Kapilesvara Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] is done. The Narendra tank in the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath temple]] premises was constructed by Kapilendra Deva where the [[Chandan Yatra]] festival of Lord Jagannath takes place.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

The Gajapatis believed themselves as the servants of [[Lord Jagannath]] and start their mornings with their worship and blessings.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
During the reign of the Gajapatis, Odisha saw a great social, cultural, linguistic, religious, and artistic revival. Odia language was given importance. Odisha reached its zenith during the rule of the Gajapatis. The Gajapatis were great patrons of art and literature and built various famous temples.

By 1464, the Gajapati Empire was one of the most powerful empires in medieval India, especially under Kapilendra Deva who was the undisputed master of an empire stretching from the [[Ganges]] in the north to [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the south along the coast.<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |date=1960 |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=RC |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |pages=365–372 |editor-last2=Pusalker |editor-first2=A. D. |editor-last3=Majumdar |editor-first3=A.K.}}</ref>

Gajapatis were devout Vaishnavites and popularised worship of Jagannath throughout their kingdom.

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Deities enshrined in the Jagannath Temple.jpg|Deities enshrined in the [[Jagannath Temple]]
File:Meghanad wall.jpeg|Meghanada wall fortifications of the Puri [[Jagannath Temple]]
File:Narendra Tank, Puri, Odisha 1.JPG|Narendra Tank, Puri
File:Kurumbera Fort 2.jpg|Kurumbera Fort
File:Barabati durga Cuttack Barabati Fort Front-2.JPG|[[Barabati Fort]], Cuttack

File:Udayagiri Fort (3).jpg|Udayagiri Fort
File:Kapilesvara temple (6).jpg|Kapilesvara Temple
File:Monuments of ekamrakhetra.JPG|Temples of Ekamra Kshetra (Old Bhubaneswar)
File:Lingaraj Temple Inscription of Kapilendra Deva 1.png|Lingaraj Temple inscription of [[Kapilendra Deva]]
File:Oriya land grant.jpg|15th-century copper-plate grant of [[Purushottama Deva]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]
* [[Pusapati|Poosapati]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |date=1960 |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=365–372}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Subrahmanyam |editor1-first=R |date=1957 |title=The Sūryavaṁśi Gajapatis of Orissa |location=Waltair |publisher= Andhra University |oclc=613268261 }}

{{Odisha}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|20|31|25|N|85|47|17|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Gajapati Empire| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of medieval Andhra]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:1434 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1541 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1541]]

Gajapati Empire - Revision history

BrigitteHosking at 21:40, 11 March 2026