https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Gallong_languageGallong language - Revision history2026-07-30T19:16:53ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Gallong_language&diff=418399&oldid=prevAjay Kumar at 18:14, 24 August 20232023-08-24T18:14:47Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}<br />
{{Redirect|Galo language|the regional language of France|Gallo language}}<br />
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{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Galo<br />
| nativename = ''Galo '<br />
| states = [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| speakers = {{sigfig|29,200|2}}<br />
| date = 2011 census<br />
| ref = e25<br />
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br />
| fam2 = [[Tani languages|Tani]]<br />
| fam3 = Western Tani<br />
| fam4 = Subansiri<br />
| dia1 = ?Karka<br />
| dia2 = ?Gensi<br />
| dia3 = Taipodia<br />
| dia4 = Zɨrdo<br />
| dia5 = Lare<br />
| dia6 = Pugo<br />
| iso3 = adl<br />
| glotto = galo1242<br />
| glottorefname = Galo<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Galo''' language is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of the [[Tani languages|Tani]] group, spoken by the [[Galo people]]. Its precise position within Tani is not yet certain, primarily because of its central location in the Tani area and the strong effects of intra-Tani contacts on the development of Tani languages. It is an endangered language according to the general definitions, but prospects for its survival are better than many similarly-placed languages in the world.<br />
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==Dialects==<br />
The major Galo dialects are Pugo, spoken around the district capital [[Along, Arunachal Pradesh|Aalo]]; Lare, spoken to the south of [[Aalo]]; and a dialect that can be called Kargu kardi, pertaining to the dialect spoken in the northwest near the [[Tagin people|Tagin]] area. There may be additional Galo dialects further north, which remains largely unresearched. There are numerous subdialects that often correspond to regional or clan groupings. Neighbouring languages include [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Mishing language|Mising]], [[Minyong language|Minyong]], [[Hill Miri dialect|Hills Miri]], [[Tagin language|Tagin]], [[Nishi language|Nishi]], [[Bori language|Bori]], [[Pailibo language|Pailibo]], [[Bokar language|Ramo]] and [[Bokar language|Bokar]].<br />
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Post (2007:46) lists a provisional classification of Galo dialects.<br />
*'''Galòo'''<br />
**Karkòo?<br />
**Gensìi?<br />
**Taíi(podia)<br />
***(branch)<br />
***Zɨrdóo<br />
****(branch)<br />
****Larèe, Puugóo<br />
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Post (2013)<ref>Mark W. Post. 2013. 'The defoliation of the Tani Stammbaum: A positive-minded exercise in contact linguistics.' Paper presented at the 19th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Australian National University, Sep. 9-10.</ref> reclassified Karko as a variety of [[Bori language|Bori]].<br />
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==Grammar==<br />
Like most central and eastern Tani languages, Galo is largely [[synthetic language|synthetic]] and [[agglutinating]]. Two primary [[lexical tone]]s are present – High and Low – which may reflect two Proto-Tani syllable tones; in modern Galo, the surface TBU (Tone-Bearing Unit) is the usually polysyllabic phonological word. A robust [[finite verb|finite]]/non-finite asymmetry underlies Galo grammar, and [[clause chaining]] and [[nominalization]] are both rampant. No synchronic verb-serialization appears to exist, although what seems to have been proto-verb-serialization has developed into a very large and productive system of derivational suffixes to bound verbal roots.<br />
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Major (non-derived) lexical classes are noun, adjective and verb. Other grammatical features include [[postposition]]s, [[relator noun]]s, [[Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], an extremely large system of [[aspect (linguistics)|aspect]]ual suffixes, and a rich set of constituent-final particles coding functions related to epistemological status (such as evidentiality), discourse/pragmatic status, modality, and other related functions. Case-marking is basically [[accusative case|accusative]]; [[ergativity]] has not been found.<br />
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==Education==<br />
Galo language is taught as third language in schools of areas dominated by Galo community.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.northeasttoday.in/arunachal-to-preserve-dying-local-dialects/ |title=Arunachal to Preserve 'Dying' Local Dialects - North East Today |access-date=2017-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143351/http://www.northeasttoday.in/arunachal-to-preserve-dying-local-dialects/ |archive-date=2018-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Nefamese]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
*Post, Mark W. (2007). ''[https://www.academia.edu/197280/Post_M._2007_._A_Grammar_of_Galo._PhD_Dissertation._Melbourne_La_Trobe_University_Research_Centre_for_Linguistic_Typology A Grammar of Galo]''. PhD Dissertation. Melbourne, La Trobe University Research Centre for Linguistic Typology.<br />
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{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br />
{{Tani languages}}<br />
{{Arunachal languages}}<br />
{{Languages of Northeast India}}<br />
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[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Tani languages]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]</div>Ajay Kumar