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{{Infobox park
| name = Garden of Babur
| alt_name =
| native_name = باغ بابر
| native_name_lang =
| photo = Garden_of_Babur_By_Dani.jpg
| photo_width =
| photo_caption = View of the Gardens of Babur in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
| photo_alt = Babur Gardens
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| label =
| label_position =
| relief =
| mark =
| grid_ref_UK =
| grid_ref_Ireland =
| coords = {{coord|34.503|69.158|display=inline, title}}
| coords_ref =
| type =
| location = [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
| nearest_city =
| area =
| elevation =
| created = {{start date|1528}}
| founder = [[Babur]]
| status = Active
| awards =
| open = 7 AM
| parking = Yes
}}

The '''Garden of Babur''' (locally called '''Bagh-e Babur'''; {{lang-fa|باغ بابر}}, ''bāġ-e bābur'') is a historic park in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], and also has the tomb of the first [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]]. The garden is thought to have been developed around 1528 AD (935 AH), when Babur gave orders for the construction of an "avenue garden" in Kabul, described in some detail in his memoirs, the ''[[Baburnama]]''.

It was the tradition of Mughal princes to develop sites for recreation and pleasure during their lifetime and choose one of these as the last resting place. The site continued to be of significance to Babur's successors; [[Jahangir]] made a pilgrimage to the site in 1607 AD (1016 AH), when he ordered that all gardens in Kabul be surrounded by walls, that a prayer platform be laid in front of Babur's grave, and an inscribed headstone placed at its head.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan |date=1999 |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M. |translator-link=Wheeler Thackston |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=77 |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 }}</ref> During the visit of the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in 1638 (1047 AH), a marble screen was erected around the tomb of Babur, and a mosque built on the terrace below. There are accounts from the time of the visit to the site of Shah Jahan in 1638 (1047 AH) of a stone water channel that ran between an avenue of trees from the terrace below the mosque, with pools at certain intervals.

==History==
[[File:Babur watching men altering the course of the stream.jpg|thumb|left|[[Babur]] watching men altering the course of the stream]]
The original construction date of the gardens ({{lang-fa|{{wikt-lang|fa| باغ}}|translit=[[Bagh (garden)|bāġ]]}}) is unknown. When [[Babur]] captured Kabul in 1504 from the [[Arghun Dynasty|Arguns]] he re-developed the site and used it as a guest house for special occasions, especially during the summer seasons. Since Babur had such a high rank, he would have been buried in a site that befitted him. The garden where it is believed Babur requested to be buried in is known as Bagh-e Babur. Mughal rulers saw this site as significant and aided in further development of the site and other tombs in Kabul. In an article written by the [[Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme]],<ref>Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme, "Babur's Garden Rehabilitation Framework," (Kabul, Afghanistan: The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004).</ref> describes the marble screen built around tombs by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638 with the following inscription:
{{quote|only this mosque of beauty, this temple of nobility, constructed for the prayer of saints and the epiphany of cherubs, was fit to stand in so venerable a sanctuary as this highway of archangels, this theatre of heaven, the light garden of the godforgiven angel king whose rest is in the garden of heaven, [[Babur|Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur]] the Conqueror.<ref>Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme, "Babur's Garden Rehabilitation Framework," (Kabul, Afghanistan: The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004)2.</ref>}}

[[File:TOMB OF BABUR IN KABUL.jpg|thumb|Inside the tomb, believed to be Babur's, in the garden.]]
Although the additions of the screens by Shah Jahan contained references to Babur, Salome Zajadacz-Hastenrath, in her article "A Note on Babur's Lost Funerary and Enclosure at Kabul"<ref>Salome Zajadacz-Hastenrath, "A Note on Babur’s Lost Funerary and Enclosure at Kabul," In Muqarnas XIV: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, ed. Gülru Necipoglu, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997), 135-142.</ref> suggests that Shah Jahan's work transformed Bagh-e Babur into a graveyard. She states that a "mosque was built on the thirteenth terrace, the terrace nearest to Mecca; the next, the fourteenth terrace, was to contain the funerary enclosure of Babur's tomb and the tombs of some of his male relatives."<ref>Salome Zajadacz-Hastenrath, "A Note on Babur's Lost Funerary and Enclosure at Kabul," In Muqarnas XIV: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, ed. Gülru Necipoglu, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997), 140.</ref> This transformation towards a proper graveyard, with an enclosure around Babur's tomb, points towards the importance of Babur. By enclosing Babur's tomb, Shah Jahan separates the tomb of the Emperor from others.

The only hint of the design lies in an 1832 sketch and short description by [[Charles Masson]], a British soldier, which was published in 1842, the year the tomb was destroyed by an earthquake. One description of the tomb praised it, "although obviously-in a poor state of preservation, reveals fine workmanship in stone carving: high walls with lavish [[jali]]-work and relief decoration."<ref>Salome Zajadacz-Hastenrath, “A Note on Babur’s Lost Funerary and Enclosure at Kabul,” In Muqarnas XIV: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, ed. Gülru Necipoglu, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997), 135.</ref> Mason described the tomb as being "accompanied by many monuments of similar nature, commemorative of his relatives, and they are surrounded by an enclosure of white marble, curiously and elegantly carved... No person superintends them, and great liberty has been taken with the stones employed in the enclosing walls."<ref>Masson, ''Narrative of Various Journeys,'' 2: 239., quoted in Zajadacz-Hastenrath, 136.</ref> Mason's sketch and Mason's description gives us the only modern view of how extravagant the tomb was.

[[File:Bagh-e Babor, view to the west Wellcome L0038127.jpg|thumb|View of the gardens from the west, 1890s]]
Bagh-e Babur has changed drastically from the Mughal impression of the space to the present. Throughout the years outside influences have shaped the use of the site. For example, the [[Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme]] describes how by 1880, [[List of monarchs of Afghanistan|Amir]] [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] constructed a pavilion and a residence for his wife, Bibi Halima. In 1933, the space was converted into a public recreation space with pools and fountains becoming the central focal point. A modern greenhouse and swimming pool were added in the late 1970s.<ref>Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme, "Babur's Garden Rehabilitation Framework," (Kabul, Afghanistan: The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004). 2.</ref> Although the enclosure of the Babur's tomb is no longer present, Bagh-e Babur still remains a major historically important site in Kabul.

Over the past few years, attempts at rebuilding and reconstructing the city of Kabul and Babur's tomb have been undertaken. Zahra Breshna, an architect with the Department for Preservation & Rehabilitation of Afghanistan's Urban Heritage, argues that, “emphasis should be on developing and strengthening the partially forgotten local and traditional aspects, whilst placing them in a contemporary global context. The goal is to preserve the tradition without hindering the development of a modern social, ecological and economical institution.”<ref>Zahra Breshna, “A Program for the Rehabilitation and Development of Kabul's Historic Center,” in Development of Kabul: Reconstruction and Planning Issues, edited by Babar Mumtaz and Kaj Noschis, 23-49. (Lausanne, Switzerland: Comportements, 2004), 25.</ref> Planners also discuss the importance of ‘a revival of cultural identity’ in the development of Kabul.<ref>Zahra Breshna, “A Program for the Rehabilitation and Development of Kabul’s Historic Center,” in Development of Kabul: Reconstruction and Planning Issues, edited by Babar Mumtaz and Kaj Noschis, 23-49. (Lausanne, Switzerland: Comportements, 2004), 27.</ref> These ideas seem to fall in line with the plan of [[Aga Khan]].

The plan put forth by Aga Khan calls for the reconstruction of the Bagh-e Babur and includes several key components. The rebuilding of the perimeter walls, the rehabilitation of the Shah Jahani mosque, and the restoration of Babur's grave enclosure are all important parts of the rehabilitation of the garden and aid in the ‘revival of cultural identity.’ The perimeter walls, common throughout many Islamic cities, would provide for closure of the area. This enclosure of orchards is traditional in the area.<ref>Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme, "Babur's Garden Rehabilitation Framework," (Kabul, Afghanistan: The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004). 12.</ref> Also, the restoration of the Shahjahani mosque, a place for prayer and meditation for visitors to the gardens would be restored.

The biggest idea proposed is the restoration of Babur's tomb. The reconstruction of Babur's garden would bring about a unity fixed around the ruler responsible for the importance of Kabul and the restoration of the historic quarters would restore the pride of the citizens of the city. Architect Abdul Wasay Najimi writes that, "Restoration of confidence, pride and hope would be the main outcome in reintegrating the historic quarters in the mainstream rehabilitation and development of Kabul. This would have a direct impact on the revival of identity."<ref>Abdul Wasay Najimi, "Preservation and Revival of Cultural Identity: The rehabilitation of the historical quarters and villages of Kabul responds to the needs of the city," in Development of Kabul: Reconstruction and Planning Issues, edited by Babar Mumtaz and Kaj Noschis, 77-83, (Lausanne, Switzerland: Comportements, 2004), 81.</ref>

===Notable people also buried here===

Some notable members of Babur's family were also buried in the Gardens of Babur, including:

*[[Khanzada Begum]] (1478–1545), the older sister of Babur.
*[[Hindal Mirza]] (1519–1551), the youngest son of Babur.
*[[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]] (1542–1626), Hindal Mirza's only daughter and Babur's granddaughter.
*[[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]] (1553–1585), [[Humayun]]'s son and Babur's grandson.

==Restoration==
The gardens were heavily damaged during the [[Afghan Civil War (1992-96)]]. A detailed survey of the perimeter walls of the garden, parts of which are thought to date from the late 19th century, was undertaken. These are built of a mix of traditional hand-laid earth (pakhsa) and [[mudbrick|sun-dried bricks]] on stone foundations — techniques still widely used in rural construction in Afghanistan. After careful documentation, damaged sections of the walls were repaired or re-built between during 2002 and 2004, during which nearly 100,000 work-days were generated for skilled and unskilled labour.

As part of efforts to ensure an appropriate degree of accuracy in the conservation and rehabilitation works, a range of documentation was identified and reviewed. In addition to specific references to Baghe Babur itself, contemporary accounts of types of trees and arrangements for the distribution of water were reviewed and advice sought from those who have studied and undertaken rehabilitation work on other Moghul gardens in the region.

Since 2003, the focus of conservation has been on the white marble mosque built by Shah Jahan in 1675 to mark his conquest of [[Balkh]]; restoration of the Babur's grave enclosure; repairs to the garden pavilion dating from the early 20th century; and reconstruction of the haremserai complex, or [[Queen's Palace]]. In addition, a new caravanserai was built on the footprint of an earlier building at the base of the garden (where the base of a gateway built by Shah Jahan has been preserved) and a new swimming-pool outside of the garden precinct.

Significant investments have been made in the natural environment of the garden, taking account the historic nature of the landscape and the needs of contemporary visitors. A system of partially piped irrigation was installed, and several thousand indigenous trees planted, including planes, cypresses, hawthorn, wild cherry (alubalu — allegedly introduced by Babur from the north of Kabul) and other fruit and shade trees. Based on the results of archaeological excavations, the relationships between the 13 terraces and the network of paths and stairs have been re-established.

Since January 16, 2008, the garden has been managed by the independent Bagh-e Babur Trust, with support from Kabul Municipality, the Afghan Ministry of Information and Culture, and the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restoration in Kabul {{!}} Aga Khan Development Network|url=https://www.akdn.org/where-we-work/central-asia/afghanistan/cultural-development/restoration-kabul|access-date=2021-01-31|website=www.akdn.org}}</ref> The gardens have seen a significant increase in visitor numbers and revenue. Nearly 300,000 people visited the site in 2008 and about 1,030,000 people visited the site in 2016.

As of 2010 it is located in Kabul's District 8, southwest from the old city.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:GOB-September 2011.jpg|Besides flowers and ordinary trees, fruit trees are grown inside the garden, including [[pomegranate]] and [[cherry]].
File:Babur Gardens.jpg|[[Maple]] trees inside the gardens.
File:Bagh-e Babur 2015.jpg|Autumn 2015
File:Kabul Baghe Babur mosque.jpg|Small mosque inside the gardens
File:Men praying at Babur Gardens in 2010.jpg|Men praying
File:Babur Gardens from a mountain top CROPPED.jpg|View of the gardens from a mountain top in 2009
File:Babur’s Gardens.jpg|Autumn 2010
File:Kabul Baghe Babur.jpg|Winter 2006
File:باغ بابر.jpg|Summer 2015
File:Bagh-e Babur garden in Kabul 01.jpg|White marble mosque built by [[Shah Jahan]], Gardens of Babur, Kabul, Afghanistan.
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Chihil Sutun]]
*[[Bagh (garden)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gardens of Babur}}
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/66871453@N05/sets/72157633508120143/ Mughals Exhibition, Kabul 2013] on [[Flickr]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/photo_gallery/3231731.stm In pictures: Kabul's Moghul garden]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120723062352/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_36.html Historical photos of the garden of Babur]

{{Kabul Province}}

[[Category:Gardens in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Mughal gardens]]
[[Category:Parks in Kabul]]
[[Category:Mughal terraced gardens]]
[[Category:Paradise gardens in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Burial sites of the Timurid dynasty]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1528 establishments in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1528 establishments in the Mughal Empire]]

Gardens of Babur - Revision history

UpdateBot at 04:49, 25 April 2022