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{{Infobox place geography
|name= [[Bihar]]
|image=Satellite Map of Bihar.jpg|image name=Satellite Image of [[Bihar]]|image caption=Satellite Image of [[Bihar]]|map=Bihar.India.png
|continent=[[Asia]]|region= [[Indo-Gangetic plain]], [[East India]]
|coordinates= {{coord|25.4|85.1|region:IN-BR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} '''Latitude : ''' 24°-20'-10" N ~ 27°-31'-15" N '''Longitude : ''' 83°-19'-50" E ~ 88°-17'-40" E<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/main.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-11-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409234618/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/main.htm |archive-date=2009-04-09 }}</ref>
|area ranking=13
|km area=94163
|percent water=
|km coastline=0|miles area=36,357 sq mi|percent land=
|neighbors=
|miles coastline=0|borders= '''North Side''' – [[Nepal]] '''South-East Side''' – [[West Bengal]] '''West Side''' – [[Uttar Pradesh]] '''South Side''' – [[Jharkhand]]
|highest point=[[Someshwar Fort]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=west+champaran+highest+point&source=bl&ots=AmohO4NL_U&sig=yggRKAMLLBGWSbjWMpuI6O8cI5Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YjKUU6zsJOee7Abkt4DADQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=west%20champaran%20highest%20point&f=false Fort Someshwar, West Champaran district, Bihar]</ref> {{convert|880|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|lowest point=
|longest river= [[Ganges]]
|largest lake=
|climate=A subtropical temperate zone with [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Pradyuman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&q=he+%22Bihar%22+lies+completely+in+the+Subtropical+region+of+the+Temperate+Zone%2C+and+its+climatic+type+is+humid+subtropical.&pg=PT223|title=Bihar General Knowledge Digest|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5266-769-7|language=en}}</ref>
Four seasons -
 Winter
 Summer (Pre-monsoon)
 Rains (Monsoon)
 Autumn (Post-monsoon)
{{main|Climate of Bihar}}|valley=
|islands=
|terrain=Large central [[Bihar Plain]] - divided by the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] into two unequal part. Highlands and mountains of [[Shivalik Range]] in north-west with forest, low mountains and valleys in the mid-south, subtropical tropical laurel jungle in South-West [[Kaimur Range]] of [[Southern Plateau Region]], intermittent hilly and mountainous regions in central South with few valleys.|natural resources= [[Steatite]], [[Pyrites]], [[Quartzite]], [[Crude Mica]], [[Limestone]]
|natural issue=
|natural hazards= [[Floods in Bihar|Floods]]
}}

[[Bihar]] is located in the [[East India|eastern]] region<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529328&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL | title=GSI – Eastern Region | publisher=Geographical Survey of India, Government of India. | access-date=11 June 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090631/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529328&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL | archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> of India, between latitudes 24°20'10"N and 27°31'15"N and longitudes 83°19'50"E and 88°17'40"E. It is an entirely land–locked state, in a subtropical region of the temperate zone. Bihar lies between the humid [[West Bengal]] in the east and the sub humid [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the west, which provides it with a transitional position in respect of [[Climate of Bihar|climate]], [[Economy of Bihar|economy]] and [[Culture of Bihar|culture]]. It is bounded by [[Nepal]] in the north and by [[Jharkhand]] in the south. Bihar plain is divided into two unequal halves ([[North Bihar]] and [[South Bihar]]) by the river [[Ganges]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/bihar/bihar-at-a-glance/area.html | title=Bihar Area | publisher=mapsofindia.com | access-date=11 June 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624085832/http://www.mapsofindia.com/bihar/bihar-at-a-glance/area.html | archive-date=24 June 2014 }}</ref> which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar's land has average elevation above sea level of 173 feet.

== Physical and Structural Geography ==
{{Main|Physiographical Regions of Bihar}}
Bihar has three parts on basis of physical and structural conditions- [[Rohtas Plateau|Southern Plateau Region]] ,and [[Gangetic Plain|Bihar's Gangetic Plain]]. [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik Region]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=by|date=2017-12-20|title=Geographical location of Bihar|url=https://bihar.pscnotes.com/bihar-geography/geographical-location-of-bihar/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Bihar PSC Exam Notes|language=en-US}}</ref> First, [[Rohtas Plateau|Southern Plateau]] Region is located between [[Kaimur district]]s in the West to [[Banka district|Banka]] in the East. It is made up of hard rock's like gneiss, schist and granite. This region blessed with many conical hills which are made up of batholim like Pretshil, Ramshila and Jethian hill'''.''' Second, [[Gangetic Plain|Bihar's Plain]] is located between the [[Rohtas Plateau|Southern Plateau]] and [[Shivalik Range|Northern Mountains]] which is bounded by 150m contour line in the North as well as in the South The vast stretch of [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|fertile]] [[Gangetic Plain|Bihar Plain]] is divided by the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] into two unequal part - the [[North Bihar]] and the [[South Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-10|title=Geographical Structure of Bihar: Geology {{!}} Physiology {{!}} Plain {{!}}Plateau|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/geographical-structure-of-bihar-geology-physiology-plain-plateau-1481802502-1|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> [[North Bihar|Northern Bihar's Plain]] is located in [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]] & [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]] (Terai area with higher elevation), and plains of [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]], [[Begusarai]], [[Saharsa]] and [[Katihar district|Kathihar]] . Region is drained by Saryu, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balan, Kosi and Mahanadi and their tributaries. [[South Bihar|Southern Bihar's Plain]] is narrow than northern plain of Bihar and triangular in shape because many hills are located in this region such as hills of [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Rajgir]], Giriak, [[Bihar Sharif]], [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]], [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]] and Kharagpur hills. Third, [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik Region]] in sub-Himalayan foothills of [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik range's]] shadows the state from Northern part of [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]] over an area 32 km long and 6–8 km wide. [[West Champaran district]] are clad in a belt of moist deciduous [[forest]]. As well as trees, this consists of scrub, grass and reeds.

== Political geography ==
{{Main|Administration in Bihar}}
The state is divided into 9 [[Divisions of Bihar|divisions]] , 38 [[Districts of Bihar|districts]], 101 [[Subdivisions of Bihar|subdivisions]] and 534 [[Blocks in Bihar|circles]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indexing Gender Parity and Estimation of Child Marriage: A comprehensive study of 534 Blocks in Bihar|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/male-child-preference-leads-to-early-marriage-for-girls-in-bihar-117092500203_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925092627/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/male-child-preference-leads-to-early-marriage-for-girls-in-bihar-117092500203_1.html|archive-date=2017-09-25}}</ref> 12 municipal corporations, 49 Nagar Parishads and 80 Nagar Panchayats for administrative purposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|archive-date=2017-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=बिहार : नगर विकास एवं आवास विभाग की पहल, पुनर्गठन से नगर परिषदों की बढ़ जायेगी संख्या|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174135/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html|archive-date=2017-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=पहली बार कोई महिला बनेगी पटना नगर निगम की मेयर|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175018/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|archive-date=2017-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ward delimitation begins in Chhapra|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227073049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|archive-date=2017-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=छपरा को निगम बख्तियारपुर को मिला नगर परिषद का दर्जा|url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324181148/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|archive-date=2017-03-24}}</ref>{{Divisions and Districts of Bihar}}

==Geology==
Bihar is in [[Indo-Gangetic plain]] so naturally fertile soil is one asset of the state.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Thus Indo-Gangetic plain's soil is the backbone of agricultural and industrial development. The Indo-Gangetic plain in Bihar consists of a thick [[Alluvium|alluvial]] mantle of drift origin overlying in most part, the [[siwalik]] and older tertiary [[Rock (geology)|rock]]s. The soil is mainly little young loam rejuvenated every year by constant deposition of [[silt]], [[clay]] and [[sand]] brought by streams but mainly by [[floods in Bihar]]<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Das
| first1 = K.K.L.
| last2 = Das
| first2 = K.N.
| editor-last = Sharma
| editor-first = Hari Shanker
| volume = 4
| title = Perspectives in geomorphology
| place = New Delhi
| publisher = Naurung Rai Concept Publishing Company
| year = 1981
| chapter = Alluvial Morphology of the North Bihar Plain – A study in applied geomorphology
| pages = 85 ff
| access-date = April 9, 2011
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6j1OC4P31ukC&q=alluvial+morphology+north+bihar+plain+das&pg=PA85}}</ref>

This soil is deficient in [[phosphoric acid]], [[nitrogen]] and [[humus]], but [[potash]] and [[Limestone|lime]] are usually present in sufficient quantity.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The most common soil in Bihar is [[Ganges|Gangetic]] [[alluvium]] of Indo-Gangetic plain region, [[Piedmont Swamp Soil]] which is found in northwestern part of [[West Champaran district]] and [[Terai Soil]] which is found in eastern part of Bihar along the border of [[Nepal]].<ref>[http://gov.bih.nic.in/profile/climate.htm Soil of Bihar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928224117/http://gov.bih.nic.in/profile/climate.htm |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> clay soil, [[sand soil]] and [[loamy soil]] are common in Bihar.<ref>[http://www.biharonline.com/other.htm other common soil in Bihar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706120418/http://www.biharonline.com/other.htm |date=2008-07-06 }}</ref>

==Natural resources==
Bihar is mainly a vast stretch of very fertile flat land. It is drained by the [[Ganges River]], including northern tributaries of other river. The Bihar plain is divided into two unequal halves by the river [[Ganges]] which flows through the middle from west to east. Other Ganges tributaries are the [[Son River|Son]], [[Budhi Gandak]], Chandan, Orhani and [[Phalgu]]. The [[Himalayas]] begin at [[foothills]] a short distance inside Nepal but influence Bihar's landforms, climate, hydrology and [[Mithila (India)|culture]]. Central parts of Bihar have some small hills, for example the [[Rajgir hills]]. The [[Himalaya]]n Mountains are to the north of Bihar, in [[Nepal]]. To the south is the Chota Nagpur plateau, which was part of Bihar until 2000 but now is part of a separate state called [[Jharkhand]].

===Forest===
{{See also|Protected areas in Bihar}}
Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 7.1 per cent of its geographical area.<ref>{{cite web| title =State Profile| publisher =Gov. of India| url =http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_bihar.php| url-status =live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081218193622/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_bihar.php| archive-date =2008-12-18}}</ref> The sub Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and Dun ranges in [[Champaran district]] another belt of moist [[deciduous forest]]s. These also consists of shrub, grass and reeds. Here the rainfall is above 1,600 mm and thus promotes luxuriant [[Sal forest]]s in the favoured areas. The hot and dry summer gives the deciduous forests. The most important trees are [[Shorea Robusta]] (Sal), [[Shisham]], [[Cedrela Toona]], [[Khair]], and [[Semal]]. This type of forests also occurs in [[Saharsa district]] and [[Purnia district]].<ref>{{cite web| title =Forest in Bihar| publisher =Forest Ministry of Bihar| url =http://forest.bih.nic.in/| url-status =live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090410052852/http://forest.bih.nic.in/| archive-date =2009-04-10}}</ref>

===Minerals===
Bihar is a producer of [[Steatite]] (945 tonnes), [[Pyrites]] (9,539 tonnes/year), [[Quartzite]] (14,865 tonnes/year), [[Mica|Crude Mica]] (53 tonnes/year), [[Limestone]] (4,78,000 tonnes/year). Bihar has also some good resource of [[Bauxite]] in [[Jamui district]], [[Cement Mortar]] in [[Bhabhua]], [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]] in [[Bhabhua]], [[Glass sand]] in [[Bhabhua]], [[Mica]] in [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Nawada]], [[Jamui]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[salt]] in Gaya and Jamui, Uranium and Beryllium are found in Gaya District,Coal in Rajmahal Coalfield, Gold In Jamui,
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/bihar/biharminerals.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-11-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226113329/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/bihar/biharminerals.htm |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref>

==Water bodies==
[[File:Bihar government website water resource dept image.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Water bodies in Bihar.]]
{|
| valign="top" |

=== [[List of river of Bihar|River]] ===

* [[Ajay River]]
* [[Bagmati]]
* [[Budhi Gandak]]
* [[Bhutahi Balan]]
* [[Gandak]]
* [[Ganges]]
* [[Ghaghra]]
* [[Phalgu]]
* [[Gandaki River]]
* [[Kamala River|Kamala]]
* [[Karmanasha]]
* [[Koshi River]]
* [[Mahananda River]]
* [[Mohana River|Mohana]]
* [[Punpun River|Punpun]]
* [[Sapt Koshi]]
* [[Son River]]
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |

=== [[List of waterfalls of Bihar|Waterfall]] ===

* [[Dhua Kund|Dhua Kund Falls]]
* [[Kakolat|Kakolat Waterfall]]
* [[Karkat Waterfall]]
* [[Madhuvdhandam Falls]]
* [[Manjhar Kund|Manjhar Kund Waterfall]]
* [[North Tank Waterfall]]
* [[Telhar|Telhar Waterfall]]
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |

=== Spring (hydrosphere) ===

* [[Manjhar Kund]]
* [[Dhua Kund]]
* [[Sita Kund]]
* [[Surya Kund]]
* [[Brahma Kund]]
* [[Rishi Kund]]
* [[North Tank]]
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |

=== [[List of lakes of Bihar|Lake]] ===

* [[Anupam Lake]]
* [[Kharagpur Lake]]
* [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary|Kanwar Lake]]
* [[Ghora Katora]]
* [[Gogabil Lake]]
* [[Matsyagandha Lake]]

=== Pond ===

* [[Mangal Talab]]
* [[Pandu Pokhar]]
|
| valign="top" |

==== [[List of dams and reservoirs in Bihar|Dams & reservoirs]] ====

* [[Indrapuri Barrage]]
|}

== Hills and Caves ==
{|
| valign="top" |

=== Hills<ref>http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/Bihar_2215.aspx</ref> ===

* [[Barabar hills]]
* [[Brahmayoni hills]]
* [[Brahmajuni Hills]]
* [[Bateshwar hills]]
* [[Dungeshwari hills]]
* [[Gridhakuta hills]]
* [[Gurpa hills]]
* [[Kavadol Hills]]/[[Kauvadol Hills]]
* [[Kaimur Range]]
* [[Mandar Hills]]
* [[Mundeshwari Hills]]
* [[Nagarjuni Hills]]
* [[Pretshila Hills]]
* [[Pragbodhi hills]]
* [[Ramshila Hills]]
* [[Rajgir hills]]
* [[Ramshila hills]]
* [[Vaibhar Hills]]
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |

=== Caves<ref>http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/Bihar_2410.aspx</ref> ===

* [[Barabar Caves]]
* [[Bateshwar cave]]
* [[Dungeshwari Cave]]
* [[Gopika Cave Inscription|Gopika Cave]]
* [[Indasala Caves]]
* [[Lomas Rishi Cave]]
* [[Mahakala caves]]
* [[Patalpuri Caves]]
*[[Pippala cave]]
*[[Saptaparni Cave]]
*[[Sattaparnaguha Cave]]
* [[Son Bhandar Caves]]
* [[Sitamarhi Cave]]
* [[Vadathika Cave Inscription|Vadathika Cave]]
|}

==Natural hazards==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Biharimap.png
| image2 = Flooded Bihar.JPG
| footer = Above: River Map of Bihar Below: flooded farmlands in northern Bihar during the [[2008 Bihar flood]].
}}

===Flood===
{{Main|Floods in Bihar}}
{{Cquote|<center>Total human deaths is '''5874''' and animal deaths is '''19044''' in [[Bihar]] due to floods between '''1979–2006'''<ref>[http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/ Disaster Management in Bihar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023031614/http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/ |date=2008-10-23 }}</ref><ref>[http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/Statitics/Statistics.htm Disaster Management in Bihar – Statistics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019015932/http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/Statitics/Statistics.htm |date=2008-10-19 }}</ref></center>
}}
Bihar is India's most flood-prone State, with 76% of the population in the north Bihar living under the recurring threat of flood devastation.<ref name="fmis">[http://fmis.bih.nic.in/history.html Flood Management Information System – History of Flood in Bihar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419085617/http://fmis.bih.nic.in/history.html |date=2010-04-19 }}</ref> According to some historical data, 16.5% of the total flood affected area in India is located in Bihar while 22.1% of the flood affected [[census of India|population in India]] lives in Bihar.<ref>[http://www.indiawaterportal.org/bihar/?cat=5 India Water Portal – Bihar Floods 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201071221/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/bihar/?cat=5 |date=2009-02-01 }}</ref> About {{convert|68800|km2|mi2}} out of total geographical area of {{convert|94160|km2|mi2}} comprising 73.06% is flood affected. Floods in Bihar are a recurring disaster which on an annual basis destroys thousands of human lives apart from livestock and assets worth millions.<ref name="fmis"/>

=== Drought & Famine ===
{{See also|Bengal famine of 1770|Bihar famine of 1873–74|Golghar}}

==Climate==
{{Main|Climate of Bihar}}
[[Bihar]] has cool winters, the lowest temperatures being around 0–10 degrees Celsius (32 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit). Winter months are December and January. It is hot in the summer with average highs around 35–45 Celsius ( 95–105 Fahrenheit). April to mid June are the hot months. The [[monsoon]] months of June, July, August, and September see good rainfall. October & November and February & March have cool, pleasant climate.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake]]
*[[Climate of Bihar]]
*[[Floods in Bihar]]

==References and footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Geography of India by state or territory}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geography Of Bihar}}
[[Category:Geography of Bihar| ]]

Geography of Bihar - Revision history

>SdkbBot at 03:00, 24 June 2021