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{{Short description|American computer scientist}}
{{for|the Indian film director|George Varghese (director)}}
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'''George Varghese''' (born 1960) is a Principal Researcher at [[Microsoft Research]]. Before joining MSR's lab in Silicon Valley in 2013, he was a Professor of Computer Science at the [[University of California, San Diego|University of California San Diego]], where he led the Internet Algorithms Lab and also worked with the Center for Network Systems and the Center for Internet Epidemiology. He is the author of the textbook ''Network Algorithmics'' published by [[Morgan Kaufmann]]<ref name="MorgKauf">{{cite web|url=http://books.elsevier.com/us/mk/us/subindex.asp?isbn=9780120884773&country=United+States&community=mk&ref=&mscssid=1561539SKMV19K39FWD7B3E7GX31F5QD|title=Network Algorithmics:An Interdisciplinary Approach to Designing Fast Networked Devices|access-date=December 22, 2006|publisher=Elsevier: [[Morgan Kaufmann]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710190027/http://books.elsevier.com/us/mk/us/subindex.asp?isbn%3D9780120884773%26country%3DUnited%2BStates%26community%3Dmk%26ref%3D%26mscssid%3D1561539SKMV19K39FWD7B3E7GX31F5QD|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-10}}</ref> in 2004.

==Education==
Varghese received his B.Tech in [[electrical engineering]] from [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]] in 1981, his M.S. in computer studies from [[North Carolina State University|NCSU]] in 1983 and his Ph.D. in [[computer science]] from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in 1993, where his advisor was [[Nancy Lynch]].<ref>{{MathGenealogy|id=81259}}</ref> He is a Fellow of the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] since 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/varghese_4302337.cfm|title=George Varghese – Award Winner|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]|access-date=31 October 2013}}</ref>

==Research==
===Transparent bridge architecture===
Before his Ph.D., George spent several years as part of the network architecture and advanced development group at [[Digital Equipment Corporation]], where he wrote the first specification for the first transparent bridge architecture (based on the inventions of Mark Kempf and Radia Perlman). After several iterations and other authors, this became the IEEE 802 bridge specification, a widely implemented standard that is the basis of the billion dollar transparent bridging industry. He was also part of the DEC team that invented the Gigaswitch and the Giganet (a precursor to [[Gigabit Ethernet]]).

===Network algorithmics===
Varghese is best known for helping define network algorithmics, a field of study which resolves networking bottlenecks using interdisciplinary techniques that include changes to hardware and operating systems as well as efficient algorithms.

His contributions to network algorithmics include [[Deficit round robin|Deficit Round Robin]] (co-invented with M. Shreedhar), a scheduling algorithm that is widely used in routers, and timing wheels (with Tony Lauck), an algorithm for fast timers that is used as the basis of fast timers in Linux and FreeBSD.

===IP lookup and packet classification===
Varghese has also worked extensively on fast IP lookup and packet classification. His work with G. Chandranmenon on Threaded indexes predates the work done at [[Cisco Systems]] and [[Juniper Networks]] on [[Multiprotocol Label Switching|tag switching]]. His work on multibit tries (with V. Srinivasan) has been used by a number of companies including Microsoft. His work on scalable IP packet lookup (with Waldvogel and Turner) for longer addresses such as IPv6 is being considered for use by Linux.

George also worked with Eatherton and Dittia on the Tree bitmap IP lookup algorithm that is used in Cisco's CRS-1 router, which many{{Who|date=February 2010}} believe to be the fastest router in the world. Tree bitmap and hypercuts (with Sumeet Singh and Florin Baboescu) appear to be among the best algorithms (excluding CAMs) for IP lookup and packet classification today.

===Self stabilization===
George is also known for his contributions to the theoretical field of [[self-stabilization]] (a form of fault-tolerance), where he has helped (with various colleagues) pioneer several general techniques such as local checking, local correction, and counter flushing.

==NetSift==
Varghese co-founded NetSift Inc. (with Sumeet Singh) in 2004, serving as president and CTO. NetSift helped pioneer the notion of automated signature extraction for security and helped to introduce the use of streaming algorithms for network measurement and security at speeds greater than 10 Gbit/s. His work with Cristian Estan on multistage filters has been widely used in industry. NetSift was acquired in June 2005 by Cisco Systems as part of the Modular Switching Group.

==Awards and honors==
* Elected as a member into the [[National Academy of Engineering]], 2017<ref>[https://www.nae.edu/MediaRoom/20095/164396/165210.aspx National Academy of Engineering Elects 84 Members and 22 Foreign Members], February 8, 2017, retrieved 2017-05-02.</ref>
* 2014 Koji Kobayashi Award for Computers and Communications for "Contributions to the field of network algorithmics and its applications to high-speed packet networks"
* [[List of Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery|ACM Fellow]], 2002
* Best Teacher Award in Computer Science, UCSD, 2001, voted by graduating undergraduate students
* Best Tutorial Award, SIGMETRICS 98.
* Big Fish, Mentor of the Year Award, Association for Graduate Engineering Students (AGES),Washington University 1997.
* ONR Young Investigator Award 1996 (34 awarded out of 416 applications across the sciences, among 2 computer scientists chosen in 1996)
* Best Student Paper, PODC 96, for a paper jointly written with student Mahesh Jayaram.
* Joint winner of the Sproull Prize for best MIT Thesis in Computer Science (1993) and nominated by MIT for ACM Thesis Prize.
* DEC Graduate Education Program (GEEP) Scholar, 1989–1991.

==Selected publications==
* Sumeet Singh, Cristian Estan, George Varghese, and Stefan Savage, [http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/~savage/papers/OSDI04.pdf Automated Worm Fingerprinting], Proceedings of the 6th ACM/USENIX [[Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation]] (OSDI). This paper was the basis of NetSift, which see above.
* Cristian Estan, David Moore, and George Varghese, [http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/~varghese/PAPERS/sigcomm04.pdf Building a Better NetFlow], Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Conference, Portland, OR, September 2004
* Fan Chung Graham, Ron Graham, and George Varghese, [http://www.math.ucsd.edu/~fan/wp/george.pdf Parallelism versus Memory Allocation in Pipelined Router Forwarding Engines]
* Proceedings of SPAA 2004 (invited and accepted to Theory of Computer Science journal as best of SPAA), Barcelona, Spain March 2004
* W. Eatherton, Z. Dittia, and George Varghese, [http://www.cisco.com/ Tree bitmap: Hardware Software IP Lookups with Incremental Updates] (no prior conference paper, IP lookup algorithm used in Cisco's most recent CRS-1 router) ACM Computer Communications Review, volume 34, April 2004
* George Varghese, [http://www-cse.ucsd.edu/users/varghese/PAPERS/thesissummary.ps.Z Summary of Ph.D. Thesis on Self-stabilization]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/varghese/ George Varghese home page at Microsoft Research]
* [http://www.cse.ucsd.edu/~varghese/ George Varghese old home page at UCSD]
* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/v/Varghese:George.html List of online papers of George Varghese]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060820025253/http://www.ial.ucsd.edu/ Internet Algorithms Lab]
* [http://cns.ucsd.edu/ Center for Network Systems]
* [http://www.ccied.org/about.html Center for Internet Epidemiology]
* [http://fellows.acm.org/fellow_citation.cfm?id=4302337&srt=alpha&alpha=V ACM Fellows listing for Varghese]
* [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=37504 Timing wheels]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060907221921/http://www.gelato.unsw.edu.au/lxr/source/Documentation/hrtimers.txt Fast timers in Linux]
* [http://fxr.watson.org/fxr/source/kern/kern_timeout.c FreeBSD]
* [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&id=217427 Threaded indexes]
* [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/srinivasan99fast.html Multibit tries]
* [http://lciteseer.ist.psu.edu/waldvogel97scalable.html Scalable IP packet lookup]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://ccr.csail.mit.edu/issues/v34n2/AcademicPaper.2004-05-26.0836597984 Tree BitMap IP lookup algorithm]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=863980 Hypercuts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060428153220/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2005/corp_062705.html Cisco Systems acquires NetSift]
* [http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/transbdg.htm Transparent bridging]

{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese, George}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:American technology writers]]
[[Category:Researchers in distributed computing]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:North Carolina State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, San Diego faculty]]
[[Category:American businesspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Microsoft employees]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]

George Varghese - Revision history

UpdateBot at 15:42, 2 June 2022