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{{Short description|Asian river and tributary of the Ganges}}
{{redirect|Gogra|the location in Chang Chenmo Valley of Ladakh|Gogra, Ladakh}}
{{Distinguish|Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaghra}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Ghaghara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Karnali<br />Sarayu<br />Mapcha Tsangpo
| name_etymology =

| image = Karnali river.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Karnali (Ghaghara) river in [[Nepal]]
| map = River Ganges and tributaries.png
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map showing the Ghaghara and Gandaki tributaries of the Ganges
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[Nepal]], [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{cvt|1080|km}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|2990|m3/s|cuft/s}}
|discharge2_location=Nepal
| discharge2_avg =
{{cvt|1369|m3/s|cuft/s}}

| source1 = Mapchachungo Glacier
| source1_location = [[Tibet]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|3962|m}}
| mouth = [[Ganges]]
| mouth_location = [[Revelganj]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|45|11|N|84|39|59|E|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{cvt|127950|km2}}
| tributaries_left = [[Bheri River|Bheri]], [[Kuwana River|Kuwana]], [[West Rapti River|Rapti]], Chhoti Gandak
| tributaries_right = [[Seti River|Seti]], Dahawar, [[Sarda River|Sarda]], [[Budhi Ganga River|Budhi Ganga]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Karnali River''', also known as the '''Ghaghara River''' in [[India]], '''Mapcha Tsangpo''' in [[Tibet]], and as the '''Sarayu River''' in the lower Ghaghara of India's [[Awadh]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-04-29 |title=Sacred water from Saryu river to be sent to Sri Lanka for 'Sita Amma' temple consecration |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/sacred-water-from-saryu-river-to-be-sent-to-sri-lanka-for-sita-amma-temple-consecration/article68120439.ece/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Shekhar Pathak 2016 92">{{cite book |author=Pathak, S. |title=Globalization and Marginalization in Mountain Regions |chapter=Himalaya: Highest, Holy and Hijacked |year=2016 |editor1=Raghubir Chand |editor2=Walter Leimgruber |series=Perspectives on Geographical Marginality |volume=1 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32649-8_7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwlkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |pages=89–110 |isbn=978-3-319-32648-1}}</ref> is a [[Perennial stream|perennial]] [[trans-boundary river]] that originates in the northern slopes of the Himalayas in the [[Tibetan Plateau]], cuts through the [[Himalayas]] in Nepal and joins the [[Sharda River]] at Brahmaghat in [[India]]. Together they form the Ghaghara River, a major left-bank tributary of the [[Ganges]]. With a length of {{cvt|507|km}}, it is the longest river in Nepal. The total length of the Ghaghara up to its confluence with the Ganges at Revelganj in [[Bihar]] is {{cvt|1080|km}}.<ref name="jain+al2007">{{cite book |author1=Jain, S.K. |author2=Agarwal, P.K. |author3=Singh, V.P. |year=2007 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |publisher=Springer |location=The Netherlands |isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PR5}}</ref> It is the largest tributary of the Ganges by volume and the second largest by length after [[Yamuna]].

== Course ==
[[File:Lake Manasarovar.jpg|thumb|Source of Karnali River]]
[[File:Saryu.JPG|thumb| Ghaghara River in [[Ayodhya]] is also known as Saryu river]]
[[File:Mansarovar.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Manasarovar]] in [[Tibet]] near the source of the Karnali River]]
The Karnali rises in the northern slopes of the Himalayas in [[Tibet]], in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, at an [[elevation]] of about {{convert|3962|m|ft}} above sea level. The river flows south through one of the most remote and least explored areas of Nepal as the Karnali River. The {{convert|202|km|mi|adj=on}} [[Seti River]] drains the western part of the catchment and joins the Karnali in [[Doti District]] north of Dundras hill. Another tributary, the {{convert|264|km|mi|adj=on}} long [[Bheri River|Bheri]], rises in the western part of [[Dhaulagiri]] Himalaya and drains the eastern part of the catchment, meeting the Karnali near Kuineghat in [[Surkhet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wildlifenepal.wordpress.com/2008/01/15/karnali-river/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120131557/http://wildlifenepal.wordpress.com/2008/01/15/karnali-river/|title=Karnali River: Longest River of Nepal « Wildlife in West Nepal|archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref>

Cutting southward across the [[Siwalik Hills|Sivalik Hills]], it splits into two branches, the Geruwa on the left and Kauriala river on the right near Chisapani to rejoin south of the Indian border and form the proper Ghaghara. Other tributaries originating in Nepal are the [[West Rapti River|West Rapti]], the [[Mahakali River|Kali (or Mahakali)]] and the little Gandak. It flows southeast through [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] states to join the Ganges downstream of the town of [[Chhapra]], after a course of {{convert|1080|km|mi}}. Saryu river is stated{{By whom|date=August 2025}} to be synonymous with the modern Karnali river or as a tributary of it.

Karnali River exposes the oldest part of the Sivalik Hills of Nepal. The remnant magnetization of [[siltstone]]s and [[sandstone]]s in this group suggests a depositional age of between 16 million and 5.2 million years.<ref>Gautam, P., Fujiwara, Y. (2000) ''Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal.'' Geophysical Journal International, Volume 142, Issue 3: 812-824. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000GeoJI.142..812G download pdf]</ref>

==Basin==
[[File:Ghaghra river in Sitapur.jpg|alt=Ghaghra river in Sitapur|thumb|Ghaghra river in Sitapur]]
The Karnali River Basin lies between the mountain ranges of [[Dhaulagiri]] in [[Nepal]] and [[Nanda Devi]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. [[Dhaulagiri II]], elevation {{convert|7751|m|ft}}, is the highest point of the entire basin. In the north, it lies in the rain shadow of the [[Himalayas]]. The basin formed by the river has a total catchment area of {{convert|127950|km2|mi2}}, of which 45 percent is in India.<ref>West Seti Hydroelectric Project (2007) ''Karnali Basin Cumulative Impact Assessment''. Report by West Seti Hydro Limited, Kathmandu, Nepal [http://www.wsh.com.np/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/cumulative_impact_assessmentcia_final_23nov_07.pdf download pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190113/http://www.wsh.com.np/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/cumulative_impact_assessmentcia_final_23nov_07.pdf |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>

===Tributaries===
'''Chhoti Gandak''' is a groundwater-fed meandering river originating near Dhesopool, Maharajganj district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It travels a distance of about {{convert|250|km|mi}} and joins Ghaghara near Guthani, Siwan district of [[Bihar]]. The Chhoti Gandak River Basin is located between 26°00' to 27°20' N latitude and 83°30' to 84°15' E longitude. [[:wikt:right bank|Right bank]] tributaries are Khekhra, Hirna, Jethan, Maun, Duhari, Kanchi and Koilar rivers; Khanua river joins from the left bank. The discharge of Chhoti Gandak is mainly controlled by rain, which is very high during the [[monsoon]] season and low during the summers. It has been observed that whenever precipitation is high in the catchment areas, there is flood in the downstream part of the Chhoti Gandak River Basin. The region exhibits upland terrace surface, river valley terrace surface, present-day river channel with narrow flood plains, natural levee, and point-bar deposits. All these geomorphic features are depositional in nature and made up of alluvium of different ages.<ref>Bhardwaj, V., Singh, D.S., Singh, A.K. (2010) ''Hydrogeochemistry of Ground water and anthopogenic control over dolomatization reaction in alluvial sediments of the Deoria district: Ganga Plain India.'' Environmental Earth Sciences 59:1099-1109. [https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12665-009-0100-y Abstract]</ref><ref>Bhardwaj, V., Singh, D.S., Singh, A.K. (2010) ''Water Quality of the Chhoti Gandak River using Principal Component Analysis, Ganga Plain, India.'' Journal of Earth System Sciences, 119 (1) pp 1-12. [http://www.ias.ac.in/jess/feb2010/d9jess72.pdf download pdf]</ref><ref>Bhardwaj, V., Singh, D.S., Singh, A.K. (2009) ''Environmental repercussions of cane-sugar industries on the Chhoti Gandak river basin, Ganga Plain, India.'' Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. (DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-1281-2).
[https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10661-009-1281-2 Abstract]</ref><ref>Singh, D.S., Awasthi, A., Bhardwaj, V. (2009) ''Control of Tectonics and Climate on Chhoti Gandak River Basin, East Ganga Plain, India.'' Himalayan Geology, Vol 30 (2) 2009, pp 147-154.</ref>

The main tributaries of the Karnali are [[Seti River|Seti]] and [[Bheri River|Bheri]].<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC&q=Panjang+River&pg=PA84| title = Himalayan rivers, lakes and glaciers | work = p. 108 | first=Sharad Singh | last= Negi | year = 1991 | publisher = Indus | isbn = 978-81-85182-61-2 |access-date = 2010-05-29}}</ref>

== Administrative zones and districts ==
In Nepal, the [[Karnali Province]] is the largest zone with about {{convert|5000|sqmi|km2}} area. Its administrative center is [[Jumla (town)|Jumla]]. The zone is divided into the five districts of [[Dolpa District|Dolpa]], [[Humla District|Humla]], [[Jumla District|Jumla]], [[Kalikot District|Kalikot]] and [[Mugu District|Mugu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/695839|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201221205/http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/695839|title=The Karnali Zone of Nepal|archive-date=1 December 2008|website=www.ancientworlds.net}}</ref>

The Karnali Province has the lowest population density in Nepal. There are no large settlements on the banks of the river, which is only crossed near Chisapani by the Mahendra Highway. This region is now connected by karnali highway and now due to various hydro electricity projects this area is being developed. Now a 900 MW project is going to be constructed in this river

In India, the administrative districts in the Ghaghra catchment are [[Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Azamgarh]], [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], [[Basti district|Basti]], [[Ballia]], [[Bahraich]], [[Deoria district|Deoria]], [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Sant Kabir Nagar]], [[Lakhimpur Kheri]], [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], [[Sitapur]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Siwan District|Siwan district]] in [[Bihar]].

Important towns in India include [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akabarpur]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Bahraich]], [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]], [[Basti district|Basti]], [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]], [[Barhalganj]], [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Sitapur]], [[Siddharthnagar]], [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Saint Kabir Nagar]], Kamhariya, [[Rajesultanpur]], [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]] and Mihinpurwa[Bahraich] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Chapra, [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]], and [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonepur]] in [[Bihar]].

The Ghaghra River is locally known as "Saryu" or "Sarayu" in the city of Ayodhya.<ref name="Shekhar Pathak 2016 92"/>

== Protected areas ==
[[File:Karnali-IMG 0138.jpg|thumb|Karnali River in [[Humla District|Humla]], Nepal]]
[[File:Karnali2.jpg|thumb|Karnali River in Nepal]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2019}}
[[Bardia National Park]] is the largest and most undisturbed protected area in the Karnali River basin, covering {{convert|968|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} on the southern slopes of the [[Sivalik Hills]]. It is bordered in the south by the Babai River, and to the west by the Girwa River, a tributary of the Karnali. At Chisapani Gorge, the swift-flowing Karnali River emerges from the Shiwalik Range onto the broad plain and flows purposefully through the semi-tropical jungle. The park is famous for two [[Asian elephant]] herds, several deer species, [[gaur]], [[nilgai]], [[Himalayan tahr]], [[serow]] and [[goral]]. The Karnali supports the endangered [[mugger crocodile]], the [[gharial]], a few remaining [[South Asian river dolphin]]s and the [[golden mahseer]].

Other protected areas include [[Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary]].

== Endangered species ==
The Karnali provides the upper range for the [[South Asian river dolphin|Gangetic river dolphin]] (''Platanista gangetica''), the largest freshwater mammals found on the Indian subcontinent. They are considered vulnerable species under CITES Appendix 1 and are classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2004). The river dolphins are legally protected animals in Nepal as endangered mammal and fall under Schedule I of the protected list of National Parks & Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973. Living at the upstream range limit, dolphins in the Karnali River are particularly vulnerable to threats from habitat degradation. Dolphins need deep pools of water. They are often found in places where human activities are most intense and they are sometimes accidentally caught by the local people who live in the lower Karnali basin. The Karnali River supports the last potentially viable population of the Ganges river dolphin in Nepal. These dolphins are at their farthest upstream range and isolated by the Girijapuri Barrage (a low gated dam), located about {{convert|16|km|mi|0}} downstream of the Nepal–India border ( in Mihinpurwa district Bahraich).<ref>[http://assets.panda.org/downloads/freeflowingriversreport.pdf Free-flowing rivers]</ref>

A high dam has been planned for some time just upstream of the dolphins' current (or at least recent) range in the Karnali River, Nepal. If built, this structure would almost certainly eliminate the small amount of dolphin habitat in Nepal's last river with a potentially viable dolphin population. Disturbance and [[environmental degradation]] associated with geotechnical feasibility studies and bridge and road construction for the dam already may have contributed to a decline in the number and range of dolphins or ''susu'' above the Nepal-India border.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Smith, B.D. |author2=Braulik, G.T. |author3=Sinha, R. |date=2012 |title=''Platanista gangetica'' ssp. ''gangetica'' |volume=2012 |article-number=e.T41756A17627639 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41756A17627639.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The Ghaghara is the furthest upstream in the dolphin range.[[File:GangeticDolphin.jpg|thumb|Gangetic dolphin]]

Other important protected areas and their biological and religious significance are a) Khaptad NP at {{convert|2.25|km2|mi2}}, Dhorpatan HR at {{convert|13.25|km2|mi2}}, and WR (1976) at Kanchanpur at {{convert|3.05|km2|mi2}} in the Terai Sal.<ref name=autogenerated4>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080723233318/http://wsh.com.np/documents/Cumulative_Impact_Assessment(CIA)_final_23Nov_07.pdf I]</ref>

==Irrigation==

===India===

'''''The Sarda Sahayak Irrigation Project''''' uses the combined flows from the rivers Ghaghara and Sarda in the Girija Barrage built across the Ghaghara river below a catchment area of {{convert|45500|km2|mi2}}. This barrage is situated about {{convert|9|km|mi|0}} downstream of Khatria Ghat Rly station and {{convert|16|km|mi|0}} from the international border to Nepal in Bahraich district. It is linked to the [[Lower Sarda Barrage]] (built across the Sarda river, with a catchment area of {{convert|17818|km2|mi2}}, about {{convert|28|km|mi}} northeast of Lakhimpur Kheri Rly station in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]]) via a link canal from Girija Barrage to the Lower Sarda Barrage which is {{convert|28|km|mi}} long and is designed to divert a discharge of {{convert|480|m3/s|cuft/s}} from Gandak to Sarda river.

The feeder channel taking off from the Lower Sarda Barrage is {{convert|258.8|km|mi}} long, feeds the five branches of Dariyabad, Barabani, Haideganj, RaeBareil and Purva, and is designed to carry a discharge of {{convert|765|m3/s|cuft/s}}. The Sarda Sahayak feeder channel meets the Haidergarh branch at {{convert|171|km|mi}} and Raibareli branch at {{convert|187|km|mi}}. The entire canal system is considered the largest in Asia and designed to provide irrigation to a Culturalable Command Area (CCA) of {{convert|20000|km2|mi2}} covering 14 districts in 168 blocks with a gross command area of {{convert|40000|km2|mi2}}.

On account of high silt flows during the flood season, Sarda Sahayak supplies (from Karnali) are suspended for 100 days between June and October, when the Lower Sarda Canal (feeder canal) draws water from the Sarda River, which is then flooded.<ref>Parajuli, U. (2003) ''Water sharing Conflicts between Countries, and Approaches to resolving them.'' WASSA Project Reports, Volume 3 [http://www.gee-21.org/publications/pdf%20files/Conflictsbetweencountriesvol.3Jan.2004.pdf download pdf] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821023229/http://www.gee-21.org/publications/pdf%20files/Conflictsbetweencountriesvol.3Jan.2004.pdf |date=21 August 2007 }}</ref>

== Navigation ==
In the past the Karnali River was considered to be attractive for the development of navigation right from the Indo–Nepal border to the confluence of this river and the Ganges. The lower reach of this river—called the Ghaghra in India—was used in the past for navigation by steamers. Apart from in the foothills of the Himalayas where most of the streams were simply fast-moving water throughout the greater part of the year and not navigable when flowing rapidly, most of the rivers with steadier currents had boats on them. The Ganges, the Ghaghra, the [[Yamuna]], the [[Gomti]], the Sharda and the [[West Rapti River|Rapti]] were the most important navigable rivers in the Northwestern provinces and [[Oudh]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Many trade items such as timber, food grains, sugar, indigo, cotton seed, poppy seed and mustard seed were transported by boats. April, May and June were the most suitable months and were a busy trading period. Different kinds of cargo boats were used on the Ganges, the smaller ones were known as ''always'', while the larger ones were known as {{transliteration|hi|Katris}}.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In the latter half of the 19th century when the railways came into existence, the significance of waterways as inland trade routes declined, as the railways were faster and safer. With the exception of eastern parts of Bengal where abundance of water in the natural network of channels sustained and continued to provide a suitable mode of transport of goods and people, the railways had almost entirely replaced the waterways as communication lines throughout the country by the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianscience.org/essays/seaandinlandnavigation-EdtedbyPankaj-edit.shtml|title=Sea and Inland Navigation|website=www.indianscience.org}}</ref>

The possibilities for further extension of the steamer services to the north had also been explored in the past. The Central Water and Power Commission of the Government of India had carried out hydrographical survey of the Karnali River from the Bahramghat to the confluence of this river and the Ganges a distance of {{convert|446|km|mi}}. This survey was done in the years 1943–53 to explore the possibility of improvement and extension of navigation on this river by powered crafts. These surveys revealed that there were only 5 shoals under {{convert|90|cm|in}} at low water between Burhaj and Bahramghat a distance of about {{convert|300|km|mi}}. The minimum depth was {{convert|75|cm|in}}. These depths were available without any river conservancy works. All other conditions of navigable channel such as the width and current of flow etc. were also found to be very favourable. The low water stage in this river is only for a short duration. There is a great urgency to carry out detailed study of the Karnali river to develop modern inland waterway by applying various channel improvement technologies.<ref>[http://www.wafed-nepal.org/News/news40%20Nepal%20must%20exercise%20extreme%20caution%20development%20of%20water%20resource%204may08.html Wafed - Nepal]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Cultural importance ==
=== In epics ===
The river is mentioned various times in the ancient Indian epic [[Ramayana]]. Sarayu refers to Lower Ghaghara, which flows through the city of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], the birthplace of the Hindu deity [[Rama]], who, along with the residents of Ayodhya, attained [[Vaikuntha]] from this river. According to the legend, [[Urmila]], wife of [[Lakshmana]], performed ''[[samadhi]]'' by drowning herself on the banks of the river Sarayu, and it is believed that her soul attained [[salvation]] at Rama's feet.<ref>{{cite book |title=Valmiki Ramayana English Prose Translation in 7 volumes by Manmatha Nath Dutt 1891 to 1894 |url=https://archive.org/details/Valmiki_Ramayana_English_Prose_Translation_7_volumes_by_Manmatha_Nath_Dutt_1891_to_1894/Valmiki%20Ramayana%20-%20MN%20Dutt%20-%20Volume%207%20-%20Uttara%20Kanda%201894/page/n305/mode/2up |access-date=20 April 2021 |language=English}}{{Rp|p=1931}}</ref>

=== In fiction ===
* Sarayu is also the name of the river that flows by the fictional town of [[Malgudi]] created by the Indian writer [[R. K. Narayan]].
* Sarayu is the name given to the personification of the Holy Spirit in "[[The Shack (Young novel)|The Shack]]" created by American Novelist [[William P. Young]].

==See also==
* [[List of rivers of Nepal]]
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[Battle of Ghaghra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ghaghara River}}
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/7909843#map=6/28.243/82.654&layers=C Ghaghara River marked on OpenStreetMap]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120050615/http://www.nepalrivers.org.np/Article/the-karnali-river-article.php Nepal River Conservation Trust: ''The Karnali River'']
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Orissa/Ghaghra-River-37066.htm A very short description of Ghaghra River]
* [https://imakemytrip.blogspot.com/2013/01/karnali-bridge-in-far-western-nepal.html Karnali Bridge in Far-Western Nepal]

{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Hydrography of Nepal}}
{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Karnali Province]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Ganges]]
[[Category:Rivers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tibet]]
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Ghaghara]]
[[Category:Braided rivers in India]]

Ghaghara - Revision history

Daljeetbhutal at 14:54, 9 March 2026